{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:41:30Z","timestamp":1773290490514,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]],"date-time":"2017-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]],"date-time":"2017-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-017-0439-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]],"date-time":"2017-09-11T12:06:56Z","timestamp":1505131616000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Inadequate birth spacing is perceived as riskier than all family planning methods, except sterilization and abortion, in a qualitative study among urban Nigerians"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3959-9594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilary M.","family":"Schwandt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Skinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciana Estelle","family":"Hebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Cobb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulmumin","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mojisola","family":"Odeku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"439_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.2307\/1973133","volume":"13","author":"JC Caldwell","year":"1987","unstructured":"Caldwell JC, Caldwell P. The cultural context of high fertility in sub- Saharan Africa. Popul Dev Rev. 1987;13(3):409\u201337.","journal-title":"Popul Dev Rev"},{"key":"439_CR2","unstructured":"Makinwa-Adebusoye P, Ebigbola J. Socio-cultural factors affecting fertility and family planning in Nigeria. In: Federal Republic of Nigeria: Implementing the National Policy on Population. Sectoral Report. Vol II Annexes. World Bank, Western Africa Department, Population and Human Resources Operations Division. Annex B: 1\u201333."},{"key":"439_CR3","volume-title":"The status of women: a review of its relationships to fertility and mortality","author":"KO Mason","year":"1984","unstructured":"Mason KO. The status of women: a review of its relationships to fertility and mortality. New York: Rockefeller Foundation; 1984."},{"key":"439_CR4","volume-title":"Nigeria demographic and health survey 2013","author":"National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF International","year":"2014","unstructured":"National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF International. Nigeria demographic and health survey 2013. Abuja, and Rockville: National Population Commission and ICF International; 2014."},{"key":"439_CR5","volume-title":"Unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion in Nigeria: causes and consequences","author":"A Bankole","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bankole A, Oye-Adeniran BO, Singh S, Adewole IF, Wulf D, Sedgh G, et al. Unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion in Nigeria: causes and consequences. New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2006."},{"issue":"1","key":"439_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/109019819001700107","volume":"17","author":"JA Cattania","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cattania JA, Keggles SM, Coates TJ. Towards understanding of risk behavior: an AIDS risk reduction model (AARM). Health Educ Q. 1990;17(1):53\u201372.","journal-title":"Health Educ Q"},{"key":"439_CR7","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Preventing AIDS: theories and methods of behavioral interventions","author":"IM Rosenstock","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rosenstock IM, Strecher VJ, Becker MH. The health belief model and HIV risk behavior change. In: DiClemente RJ, Peterson JL, editors. Preventing AIDS: theories and methods of behavioral interventions. New York: Plenum Press; 1995. p. 5\u201324."},{"key":"439_CR8","volume-title":"Belief, attitude, intention, and behaviour: an introduction to theory and research","author":"M Fishbein","year":"1975","unstructured":"Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Belief, attitude, intention, and behaviour: an introduction to theory and research. Reading: Addison Wesley; 1975."},{"issue":"3","key":"439_CR9","first-page":"370","volume":"29","author":"RN Rimal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rimal RN, Real K. Perceived risk and efficacy beliefs as motivators of change: use of the risk perception attitude (RPA) framework to understand health behaviors. Hum Commun Res. 2003;29(3):370\u201399.","journal-title":"Hum Commun Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"439_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.09.010","volume":"83","author":"W Brown","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brown W, Ottney A, Nguyen S. Breaking the barrier: the health belief model and patient perceptions regarding contraception. Contraception. 2011;83(5):453\u20138.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"6","key":"439_CR11","first-page":"551","volume":"9","author":"CM Lollis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lollis CM, Johnson EH, Antoni MH. The efficacy of the health belief model for predicting condom usage and risky sexual practices in university students. AIDS Educ Prev. 1997;9(6):551\u201363.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"439_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(97)00142-0","volume":"21","author":"D Laraque","year":"1997","unstructured":"Laraque D, Mclean DE, Brown-Peterside P, Ashton D, Diamond B. Predictors of reported condom use in Central Harlem youth as conceptualized by the health belief model. J Adolesc Health. 1997;21:318\u201327.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"439_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/08870449608404994","volume":"11","author":"CS Abraham","year":"1996","unstructured":"Abraham CS, Sheeran P, Abrams D, Spears R. Health beliefs and teenage condom use: a prospective study. Psychol Health. 1996;11(5):641\u201355.","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"issue":"35","key":"439_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(10)35497-8","volume":"18","author":"A Char","year":"2010","unstructured":"Char A, Saavala M, Kulmala T. Influence of mothers-in-law on young couples\u2019 family planning decisions in rural India. Reprod Health Matters. 2010;18(35):154\u201362.","journal-title":"Reprod Health Matters"},{"issue":"4","key":"439_CR15","first-page":"10","volume":"18","author":"B Barnett","year":"1998","unstructured":"Barnett B. Family planning use often a family decision. Netw Res Triangle Park N C. 1998;18(4):10. -11,13-14","journal-title":"Netw Res Triangle Park N C"},{"key":"439_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-9-43","volume":"9","author":"S Babalola","year":"2009","unstructured":"Babalola S, Fatusi A. Determinants of use of maternal health services in Nigeria-looking beyond individual and household factors. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2009;9:43.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"7","key":"439_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.071522","volume":"97","author":"R Stephenson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stephenson R, Baschieri A, Clements S, Hennink M, Madise N. Contextual influences on modern contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(7):1233\u201340.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"439_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Williamson LM, Parkes A, Wight D, Petticrew M, Hart GJ. Limits to modern contraceptive use among young women in developing countries: a systematic review of qualitative evidence. Reprod Health. 2009:6(3). doi:\n                    10.1186\/1742-4755-6-3\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-6-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"439_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2000.00035.x","volume":"31","author":"LA Hulton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hulton LA, Cullen R, Khalokho SW. Perceptions of the risk of sexual activity and their consequences among Ugandan adolescents. Stud Fam Plann. 2000;31(1):35\u201346.","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"issue":"1","key":"439_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3138\/jcfs.40.1.97","volume":"40","author":"DT Sahleyesus","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sahleyesus DT, Beaujot RP, Zakus D. Attitudes towards family size preferences in urban Ethiopia. J Comp Fam Stud. 2009;40(1):97\u2013117.","journal-title":"J Comp Fam Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"439_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.2307\/2991589","volume":"31","author":"WR Grady","year":"1999","unstructured":"Grady WR, Klepinger DH, Nelson-Wally A. Contraceptive characteristics: the priorities of men and women. Fam Plann Perspect. 1999;31(4):168\u201375.","journal-title":"Fam Plann Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"439_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/13625180701300822","volume":"12","author":"P Ay","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ay P, Hidiroglu S, Topuzoglu A, Solakoglu Ucar M, Kose OO, Save D. Do perceived health risks outweigh the benefits of modern contraceptives? A qualitative study in a suburban population in Istanbul, Turkey. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2007;12(2):154\u201361.","journal-title":"Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care"},{"issue":"S1","key":"439_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2011.594073","volume":"6","author":"AK Omideyi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Omideyi AK, Akinyemi AI, Aina OI, Adeyemi AB, Fadeyibi OA, Bamiwuye SO, et al. Contraceptive practice, unwanted pregnancies and induced abortion in Southwest Nigeria. Glob Public Health. 2011;6(S1):S52\u201372.","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"439_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2003.00186.x","volume":"34","author":"S Castle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Castle S. Factors influencing young Malians' reluctance to use hormonal contraceptives. Stud Fam Plann. 2003;34(3):186\u201399.","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"issue":"2","key":"439_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.2307\/172156","volume":"29","author":"A Gage","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gage A. Sexual activity and contraceptive use: the components of the decision-making process. Stud Fam Plann. 1998;29(2):154\u201366.","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"key":"439_CR26","volume-title":"Qualitative methods for Health Research","author":"J Green","year":"2009","unstructured":"Green J, Thorogood N. Qualitative methods for Health Research. 2nd ed. London: Sage Publications Ltd.; 2009.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"8","key":"439_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.2307\/1965516","volume":"8","author":"TE Dow","year":"1977","unstructured":"Dow TE. Breastfeeding and abstinence among the Yoruba. Stud Fam Plann. 1977;8(8):208\u201314.","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"key":"439_CR28","volume-title":"Report of a WHO Technical Consultation on Birth Spacing","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2006","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Report of a WHO Technical Consultation on Birth Spacing. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006."},{"key":"439_CR29","volume-title":"Nigeria demographic and health survey 2008","author":"National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF Macro","year":"2009","unstructured":"National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF Macro. Nigeria demographic and health survey 2008. Abuja: National Population Commission and ICF Macro; 2009."},{"issue":"4","key":"439_CR30","first-page":"31","volume":"19","author":"HM Schwandt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schwandt HM, Skinner J, Hebert LK, Saad A. Perceived risks associated with contraceptive method use among men and women in Ibadan and Kaduna, Nigeria. Afr J Reprod Health. 2015;19(4):31\u201340.","journal-title":"Afr J Reprod Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"439_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2016.03.026","volume":"99","author":"HM Schwandt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schwandt HM, Skinner J, Saad A, Cobb L. \u201cDoctors are in the best position to know\u2026\u201d: the perceived medicalization of contraceptive method choice in Ibadan and Kaduna, Nigeria. Patient Educ Couns. 2016;99(8):1400\u20135.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"17","key":"439_CR32","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"R Lundgren","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lundgren R, Sinai I, Jha P, Mukabatsinda M, Sacieta L, Leon FR. Assessing the effect of introducing a new method into family planning programs in India, Peru and Rwanda. Reprod Health Matters. 2012;9(17):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Reprod Health Matters"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"439_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2011.597413","volume":"6","author":"AO Tsui","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tsui AO, Casterline J, Singh S, Bankole A, Moore AM, Omideyi AK, et al. Managing unplanned pregnancies in five countries: perspectives on contraception and abortion decisions. Glob Public Health. 2011;6(sup1):S1\u2013S24.","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"439_CR34","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2013. Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, The World Bank and the United Nations Population Division. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014."}],"container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-017-0439-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12905-017-0439-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-017-0439-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T11:27:12Z","timestamp":1589455632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12905-017-0439-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-017-0439-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6874"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6874","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 August 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval to conduct the study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland, and the Obafemi Awolowo University Ile Ife, Nigeria. Additional approvals were obtained from the state Ministry of Health in the two states where the study was conducted. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all study participants prior to participation in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"80"}}