{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T14:33:55Z","timestamp":1793975635344,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594857600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in Ethiopia next to breast cancer. Despite the high burden of the disease and availability of free screening services in Ethiopia, uptake is still trivial. This study aims to identify factors associated with cervical cancer screening uptake, VIA (visual inspection with acetic acid) positivity and its predictors among women attending cervical cancer screening service in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Concurrent mixed study approach of qualitative interview (n\u2009=\u200915) and cross-sectional study among 844 screened women was conducted from February to July 2018. A multistage sampling technique was employed to recruit survey participants from the selected health facilities while the key informants for an in-depth interview were selected purposively. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the quantitative data and multivariable logistic regression was employed to explore factors associated with VIA positivity of the cervix among screened women. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis approach.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The VIA positivity of the cervix was 10.3%. Mean age of study participants was 35.74\u2009\u00b1\u20097.6\u2009years and women in the age group of \u226545\u2009years were about &gt;\u20098 times more likely to have VIA test positive result compared to younger women (\u226424\u2009years). Being single (AOR\u2009=\u20093.2, 95%CI: 1.4\u20137.31), widowed (AOR\u2009=\u200918.6, 95%CI: 3.8\u201391.2), initiating sexual intercourse early (&lt;\u200916\u2009years) (AOR\u2009=\u20092.72; 95%CI: 1.65\u20134.49), and having two or more lifetime sexual partners (AOR\u2009=\u20094.9; 95% CI: 1.31\u20138.75) were also found to be predictors of being VIA positive. Lack of awareness, inaccessibility of the screening service, cultural beliefs and negative perception towards cancer were found to be the major reasons for low uptake of cervical cancer screening.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The VIA positivity among screened women in Addis Ababa was found to be moderately low compared to reports in other parts of Ethiopia. Having multiple sexual partners, being older age and initiation of sexual intercourse at an early age were associated with VIA positivity of the cervix. Thus, concerted efforts must be taken to increase accessibility of screening services and improve awareness regarding cervical cancer screening.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-020-01008-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T17:02:36Z","timestamp":1594918956000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Factors affecting cervical cancer screening uptake, visual inspection with acetic acid positivity and its predictors among women attending cervical cancer screening service in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Atalay Mulu","family":"Fentie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamir Birhanu","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2485-505X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gebremedhin Beedemariam","family":"Gebretekle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1008_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-16-0858","volume":"26","author":"LA Torre","year":"2017","unstructured":"Torre LA, Islami F, Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A. Global cancer in women: burden and trends. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2017;26(4):444\u201357.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"6","key":"1008_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","volume":"68","author":"F Bray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel R, Torre L, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394\u2013424.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"5","key":"1008_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E359","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29210","volume":"136","author":"J Ferlay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. 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Available from: http:\/\/gco.iarc.fr."},{"key":"1008_CR6","unstructured":"EFMoH. National Cancer Control Plan 2016\u20132020. Dis Prev Control Dir. 2015:1\u201383 Available from: http:\/\/bmg.bund.de\/en.html."},{"key":"1008_CR7","unstructured":"WHO. Guidelines for screening and treatment of precancerous lesions for cervical cancer prevention. WHO Libr Cat Data. 2013;22\u20137. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/publications\/cancers\/screening_and_treatment_of_precancerous_lesions\/en\/. Accessed 14 July 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"1008_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-15-00325","volume":"4","author":"N Shiferaw","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shiferaw N, Salvador-Davila G, Kassahun K, Brooks MI, Weldegebreal T, Tilahun Y, et al. The single-visit approach as a cervical cancer prevention strategy among women with HIV in Ethiopia: successes and lessons learned. 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Prevalence and factors associated with VIA positive result among clients screened at Family Guidance Association of Ethiopia, south west area office, Jimma model clinic, Jimma, Ethiopia 2013: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 2015;8:618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-015-1594-x.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1594-x"},{"key":"1008_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim A, Aro AR, Rask, Pukkala E. Cervical cancer screening in primary health care setting in Sudan: a comparative study of visual inspection with acetic acid and Pap smear. Int J Womens Health. 2012;4:67\u201373.","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S28406"},{"issue":"12","key":"1008_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084519","volume":"8","author":"A Gedefaw","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gedefaw A, Astatkie A, Tessema GA. The prevalence of precancerous cervical cancer lesion among HIV-infected women in southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e84519.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"1008_CR26","first-page":"163","volume":"11","author":"J Obure","year":"2009","unstructured":"Obure J, Olola O, Swai B, Mlay P, Masenga G, Walmer D. Prevalence and severity of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion in a tertiary hospital in northern Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2009;11(4):163\u20139.","journal-title":"Tanzan J Health Res"},{"key":"1008_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-3088-5","volume":"11","author":"RT Kassa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kassa RT. Risk factors associated with precancerous cervical lesion among women screened at Marie stops Ethiopia, Adama town, Ethiopia 2017: a case control study. 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Written permission was taken from all study health facilities (from the five health centers) to access and use data from cervical cancer screening registration log-book. Written informed consent which was approved by the ethics committee was also obtained from all in-depth interview participants after explaining the purpose and importance of the study. No emancipated minors were included for the in-depth interview and all were in the age range of 23 to 55\u2009years. Individuals were informed that it is fully voluntary and they can withdraw from the study at any time or not to answer those they didn\u2019t want and this would not affect the service they get from the healthcare facilities. They were also informed that they would not receive any monetary incentive for participating in the study. The collected data were secured in a lockable cabinet, no identifiers were used and data were analyzed in aggregate to maintain confidentiality and anonymity of information.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have stated that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"147"}}