{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:34:29Z","timestamp":1791412469829,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Consequences of long-term B cell depletion with rituximab are not well understood. We describe inflammatory vaginitis as a potential side effect of long-term rituximab treatment, distinct from previously described vulvovaginal pyoderma gangrenosum.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We performed a retrospective analysis of women treated with rituximab for more than 1\u00a0year to determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of vaginitis cases. We conducted a case\u2013control analysis with up to 3 controls for each vaginitis case.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We identified sixteen inflammatory vaginitis cases. Women with vaginitis were age 23\u201368 (median 42), primarily being treated for ANCA-associated vasculitis (11\/16; 69%). Most reported copious vaginal discharge (100%) and pain with sex (75%). All women with return of circulating B-cells to &gt;\u200910 cells\/mL had complete (5\/9) or significant (4\/9) improvement in symptoms. In case\u2013control analysis there was no significant difference in length of B-cell depletion, immune parameters, creatinine levels, and history of neutropenia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Inflammatory vaginitis is a potential side effect of prolonged continuous B cell depletion with rituximab. More studies are needed to characterize the incidence and etiology of vaginitis among women on long term rituximab therapy and establish a causal relationship.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-021-01423-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T07:02:51Z","timestamp":1628146971000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Inflammatory vaginitis in women on long-term rituximab treatment for autoimmune disorders"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Yockey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Dowst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Zonozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Huizenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Laliberte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jillian","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John L.","family":"Niles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline M.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1423_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2217\/ijr.12.7","volume":"7","author":"DR Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen DR, Cohen PL. 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Additional approval could be sought by corresponding author on reasonable request.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and materials"}},{"value":"Dr. Mitchell receives research funding from Merck, and has served as a consultant for Scynexis, Inc. The remaining authors have no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"285"}}