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Mammographic breast density was assessed using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System. In person interviews were conducted using a detailed questionnaire, to assess risk factors of interest, and venous blood was collected to measure serum vitamin D level at the end of the interview. To determine the association of potential factors with mammographic breast density, multivariable polytomous logistic regression was used.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>High-density mammographic breast density (heterogeneously and dense categories) was high and found in 62.4% of women. There was a significant association of both heterogeneously dense and dense breasts with women of a younger age group &lt; 45 years (OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.60\u20134.49) and (OR 4.83, 95% CI 2.54\u20139.16) respectively. Women with heterogeneously dense and dense breasts versus fatty and fibroglandular breasts had a higher history of benign breast disease (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.14\u20133.17) and (OR 3.61, 95% CI 1.90\u20136.86) respectively. There was an inverse relationship between breast density and body mass index. Women with dense breasts and heterogeneously dense breasts had lower body mass index (OR 0.94 95% CI 0.90\u20130.99) and (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.76\u20130.87) respectively. There was no association of mammographic breast density with serum vitamin D levels, diet, and breast cancer.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The findings of a positive association of higher mammographic density with younger age and benign breast disease and a negative association between body mass index and breast density are important findings that need to be considered in developing screening guidelines for the Pakistani population.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-021-01538-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T19:02:35Z","timestamp":1640977355000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Factors associated with mammographic breast density among women in Karachi Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5068-3773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uzma","family":"Shamsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaista","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azra","family":"Shamsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iqbal","family":"Azam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Callen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1538_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.352140106","volume":"35","author":"PE Freer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Freer PE. 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