{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:23:32Z","timestamp":1790904212761,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early discontinuation of implant contraceptive methods and reasons for discontinuation remains a major concern for family planning programs. Early discontinuation is related to higher rates of the overall fertility rate, unwanted pregnancies leading to possibly induced abortion. There is paucity of data on the practice of discontinuation of contraceptives in developing countries. The objective of the study was to determine the magnitude of early implants discontinuation among women receiving implants services in the study area and the factors associated with it.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2nd January to 3rd March 2020. Data were collected from 207 women who had come to remove implants on socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric history, duration of implant, and reasons for wanting to remove the implant. We computed the proportion of those who removed the implant before 18\u00a0months (early discontinuation). To assess the factors associated with early discontinuation, we estimated the prevalence ratios with a generalized linear model of the poisson family with a log link and robust error variance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The proportion of early implant discontinuation was 87\/207(42%). Factor associated with early implant discontinuation included; experience of side effects (PR\u2009=\u20091.1; 95% CI 1.03\u20131.24;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), not having received pre-insertion counseling about the benefits and side effects of contraceptive implants (PR\u2009=\u20091.5; 95% CI 1.02\u20131.30;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.019) and staying in rural areas (PR\u2009=\u20091.1; 95% CI 1.03\u20131.27;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.014).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nearly one in every two mothers have early discontinuation of contraceptive implants. Factors associated with early implant removal include; experience of side effects, lack of counseling services, and staying in rural areas. There is a need for intervention to address high prevalence of early contraceptive removal through improving on counselling services about possible side effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-021-01541-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T05:03:02Z","timestamp":1638334982000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Early contraceptive implants removal and its associated factors among women using implants at a National Referral Hospital, Kampala Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4583-6250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerald","family":"Ssebatta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan Kabonge","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scovia Nalugo","family":"Mbalinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1541_CR1","volume-title":"Uganda demographic and health survey 2016","author":"UBOS, ICF","year":"2017","unstructured":"UBOS, ICF. Uganda demographic and health survey 2016. Rockville: UBOS; 2017."},{"key":"1541_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev221","volume":"30","author":"L Bahamondes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bahamondes L, Brache V, Meirik O, Ali M, Habib N, Landoulsi S, et al. A 3-year multicentre randomized controlled trial of etonogestrel-and levonorgestrel-releasing contraceptive implants, with non-randomized matched copper-intrauterine device controls. Hum Reprod. 2015;30:2527\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/dev221.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"1541_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0217333","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217","volume":"14","author":"RL Callahan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Callahan RL, Brunie A, Mackenzie AC, Wayack-Pamb\u00e8 M, Guiella G, Kibira SP, et al. Potential user interest in new long-acting contraceptives: Results from a mixed methods study in Burkina Faso and Uganda. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0217333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0217.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1541_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2018.06.003","volume":"28","author":"NJ Sanders","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sanders NJ, Jenny AH, Daniel EA, Greggory JS, Lori MG. The impact of sexual satisfaction, functioning, and perceived contraceptive effects on IUD and Implant Continuation at 1 year. Womens Health Issues. 2018;28:401\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2018.06.003.","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"key":"1541_CR5","unstructured":"FP2020. What is family planning 2020 factsheet updated v1. [Online] 2015. Cited 10 May 2021. www.fammilyplanning2020.org."},{"key":"1541_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3597487","author":"M Melkamu Asaye","year":"2018","unstructured":"Melkamu Asaye M, Syoum Nigussie T, Mequannt Ambaw W. Early implanon discontinuation and associated factors among implanon user women in Debre Tabor Town, public health facilities, Northwest Ethiopia, 2016. Int J Reprod Med. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/3597487.","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Med"},{"key":"1541_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29063\/ajrh2018\/v22i1.11","author":"PM Khungelwa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khungelwa PM, Daniel TG, Eyitayo OO, Oladele V, Eunice S, Anthony IA. Reasons for discountinuation of implanon among users in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa: a cross-sectional study. Afr J Reprod Health. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29063\/ajrh2018\/v22i1.11.","journal-title":"Afr J Reprod Health"},{"key":"1541_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11186\/s12905-018-0678-x","author":"A Nageso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nageso A, Achamyelesh G. Discontinuation rate of implanon and its associated factors among women who ever used Implanon in Dale District, Southern Ethiopia. BMC Women\u2019s Health. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11186\/s12905-018-0678-x.","journal-title":"BMC Women's Health"},{"key":"1541_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2017.v107i10.12821","author":"AO Adeagbo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adeagbo AO, Mullick S, Pillay D, Chersich MF, MOrroni C, Naidoo N, et al. Uptake and early removals of implanon NXT in South Africa: Perceptions and attitudes of healthcare workers. SAMJ. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7196\/SAMJ.2017.v107i10.12821.","journal-title":"SAMJ"},{"key":"1541_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjr.2015.06.011","author":"BA Gbolade","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gbolade BA. Attempted self-removal of Implanon: a case report. Asian Pac J Reprod. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apjr.2015.06.011.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Reprod"},{"key":"1541_CR11","unstructured":"WHO. Statement on progestogen-only implants. World Health Organisation Department of Reproductive Health and Research. [Online] 2016. Cited 10 May 2021. www.who.int\/reproductivehealth."},{"key":"1541_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008627","author":"JU Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park JU, Bae HS, Lee SM, Bae J, Park JW. Removal of a subdermal contraceptive implant (Implanon NXT) that migrated to the axilla by C-arm guidance: a case report and review of the literature. Medicine. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000008627.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"1541_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3765","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2015\/543","volume":"4","author":"S Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh S, Gupta S, Nigam N, Nigam SK. A study of efficacy and safety profile with sub dermal single rod contraceptive implant. J Evol Med Dent Sci. 2015;4:3765\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14260\/jemds\/2015\/543.","journal-title":"J Evol Med Dent Sci"},{"key":"1541_CR14","first-page":"86","volume":"33","author":"Z Muhammad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muhammad Z, Ibrahim SA, Attah RA. Jadelle subdermal contraceptive implant in Aminu Kano teaching hospital Kano, northern Nigeria. Trop J Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;33:86\u201390.","journal-title":"Trop J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"1541_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4236\/jbm.2018.63010","volume":"6","author":"EO Oranu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oranu EO, Ojule JD. A decade of jadelle subdermal implant contraception in a tertiary health institution in Port Harcourt, Southern Nigeria. J Biosci Med. 2018;6:123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/jbm.2018.63010.","journal-title":"J Biosci Med"},{"key":"1541_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1071\/HC15040","volume":"8","author":"C Roke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roke C, Roberts H, Whitehead A. New Zealand women\u2019s experience during their first year of Jadelle\u00ae contraceptive implant. J Prim Health Care. 2016;8:13\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/HC15040 (PMID:27477370).","journal-title":"J Prim Health Care"},{"key":"1541_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev221","author":"L Bahamondes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bahamondes L, Brache V, Meirik O, Ali M, Habib N, Landoulsi S. A 3-year multicentre randomised controlled trial of etonogestrel-and levonorgestrel contraceptive implants, with non-randomized matched copper-intrauterine device controls. Hum Reprod. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/dev221.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"1541_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-530","volume":"10","author":"G Nalwadda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nalwadda G, Mirembe F, Byamugisha J, Faxelid E. Persistent high fertility in Uganda: young people recount obstacles and enabling factors to use of contraceptives. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-530.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1541_CR19","unstructured":"Dockalova B, Katie L, Heather B, Alison M. Sustainable development goals and family planning 2020. IPPF. https:\/\/www.ippf.org."},{"key":"1541_CR20","unstructured":"Glenn DI (1992) Determining Sample Size. University of Florida IFAS EXTERSION. https:\/\/www.academia.edu."},{"key":"1541_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.7897\/2230-8407.068107","volume":"6","author":"K Birhane","year":"2015","unstructured":"Birhane K, Hagos S, Fantahun M. Early discontinuation of implanon and its associated factors among women who ever used implanon in Ofla District, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Int J Pharma Sci Res. 2015;6:544\u201351.","journal-title":"Int J Pharma Sci Res"},{"key":"1541_CR22","unstructured":"Ddungu U. Factors asssociated with early discontinuation of contraceptive implants among women of reproductive age in Wakiso District, a facility based cross-sectional study. Dspacemakacug. 2019. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10570\/7629."},{"key":"1541_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s.13104-018-3992-3","volume":"12","author":"KG Gebrekidan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gebrekidan KG, Nerea MK, Gerezgiher H, Haftu M. Early Implanon discontinuation rate and its associated factors in health institutions of Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia 2016\/17. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s.13104-018-3992-3.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"1541_CR24","unstructured":"Determinants of Discontinuation of Contraceptive Methods among Women at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya. 2016. http:\/\/journals.uonbi.ac.ke\/ajpt."},{"key":"1541_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2019.03.008.Epub2019Mar27.PMID:30928532.PubMed","volume":"32","author":"ME Romano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Romano ME, Braun-Courville DK. Assessing weight status in adolescent and young adult users of the etonogestrel contraceptive implant. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2019;32:409\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpag.2019.03.008.Epub2019Mar27.PMID:30928532.PubMed.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"key":"1541_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/sifp.69","volume":"47","author":"M El-Khoury","year":"2016","unstructured":"El-Khoury M, Thornton R, Chatterji M, Kamhawi S, Sloane P, Halassa M. Counseling women and couples on family planning: a randomized study in Jordan. Stud Fam Plan. 2016;47:222\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sifp.69.","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plan"},{"key":"1541_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7176\/JHMN\/58.05","author":"K Mamo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mamo K, Desta MS. Premature Implanon discontinuation and associated factors among implanon user women in Ambo town, Central Ethiopia. J Health Med Nurs. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7176\/JHMN\/58.05.","journal-title":"J Health Med Nurs"}],"container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-021-01541-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12905-021-01541-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-021-01541-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T05:04:44Z","timestamp":1638335084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12905-021-01541-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-021-01541-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-107083\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1472-6874"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6874","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study sought approval and abided by the rules and regulations of the institutional review board of Makerere University School of Health Sciences Research and Ethics Committee, SHSREC REF NO: 2019-071. Permission to conduct the study was also grantedby Kawempe NRH administration. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. The participants were requested to participate in the study voluntarily. All participants provided consent by signing the informed consent form. The purpose and benefits were clearly explained to participants, ensuring privacy and confidentiality.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participants"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"399"}}