{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T01:53:10Z","timestamp":1783043590660,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The reliability and validity of the Champion\u2019s Health Belief Model Scale <jats:bold>(<\/jats:bold>CHBMS) used in assessing the belief of women regarding breast cancer (BC) and breast cancer screening (BCS) have been examined on various populations. However, the use of this tool has not been adequately assessed for its validity in ethnic minorities. This study assessed the validity and reliability of CHBMS by analyzing the factor structure and internal reliability of the factors among Yemeni women in Malaysia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A survey was conducted among 103 female teachers from 10 schools. SPSS version 22.0 was utilized in analyzing the data. Descriptive statistics were computed for the socio-demographic characteristics. The Cronbach\u2019s alpha coefficients were used in assessing the internal reliability. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to analyze the factor structure of the translated items. Parallel analysis was performed to determine the number of factors accurately.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The alpha coefficients of the factors had acceptable values ranging between 0.76 and 0.87. The factor analysis yielded six and five factors for breast self-examination (BSE) and mammography (MMG), with a total explained variance of 47.69% and 52.63%, respectively. The Kaiser\u2013Meyer\u2013Olkin (KMO) index values of 0.64 and 0.72, and the Bartlett\u2019s Test of Sphericity (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0001) for BSE and MMG, respectively, verified the normality distribution and the adequacy of the sample size for EFA. All the items on each factor were from the same construct that were consistent with the number of factors obtained in the scale development study. The items achieved adequate factor loadings that ranged between 0.47 and 0.88.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The translated version of the CHBMS is a validated scale used in assessing the beliefs related to BC and BCS among Yemeni women living in Malaysia. Healthcare workers could use the scales to assess women\u2019s beliefs on BC and BCS. This instrument could be used to test the effectiveness of the intervention programs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-021-01543-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T08:03:59Z","timestamp":1640765039000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Factor structure and internal reliability of breast cancer screening Champion\u2019s Health Belief Model Scale in Yemeni women in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Noman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayati Kadir","family":"Shahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hejar Abdul","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suriani","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musheer A.","family":"Aljaberi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muzaphar N.","family":"Abdulrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1543_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","volume":"68","author":"F Bray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394\u2013424.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"1543_CR2","unstructured":"Zaidi Z, Dib HA, editors. The worldwide female breast cancer incidence and survival, 20182019: AACR."},{"issue":"9972","key":"1543_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62038-9","volume":"385","author":"C Allemani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Allemani C, Weir HK, Carreira H, Harewood R, Spika D, Wang X-S, et al. Global surveillance of cancer survival 1995\u20132009: analysis of individual data for 25 676 887 patients from 279 population-based registries in 67 countries (CONCORD-2). The Lancet. 2015;385(9972):977\u20131010.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"1543_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-16-0858","volume":"26","author":"LA Torre","year":"2017","unstructured":"Torre LA, Islami F, Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A. Global cancer in women: burden and trends. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2017;26(4):444\u201357.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"1543_CR5","unstructured":"American Cancer Societ. Breast cancer facts and figures: 2015\u20132016. 2015."},{"issue":"3","key":"1543_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2016.17.3.1463","volume":"17","author":"KA Al-Sakkaf","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Sakkaf KA, Basaleem HO. Breast cancer knowledge, perception and breast self-examination practices among Yemeni Women: an application of the health belief model. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(3):1463\u20137.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1543_CR7","first-page":"101","volume":"11","author":"A BaA","year":"2010","unstructured":"BaA A. Awareness and practice of breast cancer and breast-self examination among university students in Yemen. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2010;11(1):101\u20135.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"9","key":"1543_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4347","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2012.13.8.4247","volume":"13","author":"NA Harhra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harhra NA, Basaleem HO. Trends of breast cancer and its management in the last twenty years in Aden and adjacent governorates. Yemen Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13(9):4347\u201351.","journal-title":"Yemen Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"1543_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noman S. Educational intervention in breast cancer screening uptake, knowledge and beliefs among Yemeni female school teachers in the Klang Valley, Malaysia [Ph.D. Dissertation]. Malaysia: Universiti Putra Malaysia; 2020.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041167"},{"issue":"4","key":"1543_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041167","volume":"17","author":"S Noman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Noman S, Shahar HK, Abdul Rahman H, Ismail S. Effectiveness of an educational intervention of breast cancer screening practices uptake, knowledge, and beliefs among Yemeni female school teachers in Klang Valley, Malaysia: a study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(4):1167.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1543_CR11","unstructured":"Kindig D, Thompson G. The right to equal treatment: An action plan to end racial and ethnic disparities in clinical diagnosis and treatment in the United States. J Ambul Care Manage. 2003."},{"issue":"6","key":"1543_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105308093867","volume":"13","author":"VL Champion","year":"2008","unstructured":"Champion VL, Monahan PO, Springston JK, Russell K, Zollinger TW, Saywell RM Jr, et al. Measuring mammography and breast cancer beliefs in African American women. J Health Psychol. 2008;13(6):827\u201337.","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1543_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010263","volume":"18","author":"S Noman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Noman S, Shahar HK, Abdul Rahman H, Ismail S, Abdulwahid Al-Jaberi M, Azzani M. The effectiveness of educational interventions on breast cancer screening uptake, knowledge, and beliefs among women: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(1):263.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1543_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1406-74","volume":"45","author":"F Ersin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ersin F, G\u00f6z\u00fckara F, Polat P, Er\u00e7etin G, Bozkurt ME. Determining the health beliefs and breast cancer fear levels ofwomen regarding mammography. Turk J Med Sci. 2015;45(4):775\u201381.","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1543_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3414-1","volume":"16","author":"M Akhtari-Zavare","year":"2016","unstructured":"Akhtari-Zavare M, Juni MH, Said SM, Ismail IZ, Latiff LA, Eshkoor SA. Result of randomized control trial to increase breast health awareness among young females in Malaysia. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"16","key":"1543_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6981","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2015.16.16.6981","volume":"16","author":"E Heydari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heydari E, Noroozi A. Comparison of two different educational methods for teachers\u2019 mammography based on the Health Belief Model. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(16):6981\u20136.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"5","key":"1543_CR17","first-page":"44","volume":"21","author":"A Eskandari-Torbaghan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eskandari-Torbaghan A, Kalan-Farmanfarma K, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Zarei Z. Improving breast cancer preventive behavior among female medical staff: the use of educational intervention based on health belief model. Malays J Med Sci. 2014;21(5):44.","journal-title":"Malays J Med Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"1543_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2018.19.12.3443","volume":"19","author":"A Mirmoammadi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mirmoammadi A, Parsa P, Khodakarami B, Roshanaei G. Effect of consultation on adherence to clinical breast examination and mammography in Iranian Women: A randomized control trial. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(12):3443.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"10","key":"1543_CR19","first-page":"2833","volume":"18","author":"Z Khiyali","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khiyali Z, Aliyan F, Kashfi SH, Mansourian M, Jeihooni AK. Educational intervention on breast self-examination behavior in women referred to health centers: application of Health Belief Model. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2017;18(10):2833.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1543_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4278\/ajhp.130228-QUAN-91","volume":"29","author":"F Lee-Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee-Lin F, Nguyen T, Pedhiwala N, Dieckmann N, Menon U. A breast health educational program for Chinese-American women: 3-to 12-month postintervention effect. Am J Health Promot. 2015;29(3):173\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"issue":"1","key":"1543_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.4103\/apjon.apjon_36_17","volume":"5","author":"L Masoudiyekta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Masoudiyekta L, Rezaei-Bayatiyani H, Dashtbozorgi B, Gheibizadeh M, Malehi AS, Moradi M. Effect of education based on health belief model on the behavior of breast cancer screening in women. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol. 2018;5(1):114.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1543_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.14196\/mjiri.32.51","volume":"32","author":"F Fathollahi-Dehkordi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fathollahi-Dehkordi F, Farajzadegan Z. Health education models application by peer group for improving breast cancer screening among Iranian women with a family history of breast cancer: a randomized control trial. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2018;32:51.","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"issue":"4","key":"1543_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/NCC.0000000000000185","volume":"38","author":"P Taymoori","year":"2015","unstructured":"Taymoori P, Molina Y, Roshani D. Effects of a randomized controlled trial to increase repeat mammography screening in Iranian women. Cancer Nurs. 2015;38(4):288.","journal-title":"Cancer Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"1543_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-014-0622-1","volume":"29","author":"Y-Q Ouyang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ouyang Y-Q, Hu X. The effect of breast cancer health education on the knowledge, attitudes, and practice: a community health center catchment area. J Cancer Educ. 2014;29(2):375\u201381.","journal-title":"J Cancer Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"1543_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-014-0709-8","volume":"30","author":"M Seven","year":"2015","unstructured":"Seven M, Aky\u00fcz A, Robertson LB. Interventional education methods for increasing women\u2019s participation in breast cancer screening program. J Cancer Educ. 2015;30(2):244\u201352.","journal-title":"J Cancer Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"1543_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E40","DOI":"10.1097\/NCC.0000000000000268","volume":"39","author":"A Tuzcu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tuzcu A, Bahar Z, G\u00f6z\u00fcm S. Effects of interventions based on health behavior models on breast cancer screening behaviors of migrant women in Turkey. Cancer nurs. 2016;39(2):E40\u201350.","journal-title":"Cancer nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"1543_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/NCC.0000000000000126","volume":"38","author":"T-Y Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu T-Y, Lin C. Developing and evaluating an individually-tailored intervention to increase mammography adherence among Chinese American women. Cancer nurs. 2015;38(1):40.","journal-title":"Cancer nurs"},{"key":"1543_CR28","unstructured":"Akhtari-Zavare M, Aliyan-Fini F, Ghanbari-Baghestan A, Mohd-Sidik S. Development and validation of breast cancer knowledge and beliefs questionnaire for Malaysian student population. Pertanika J Soc Sci Humanit 2018;26(4)."},{"key":"1543_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S177124","volume":"11","author":"TK Dewi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dewi TK. Validation of the Indonesian version of Champion\u2019s Health Belief Model Scale for breast self-examination. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2018;11:433.","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"1543_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4103\/ijnmr.IJNMR_220_18","volume":"25","author":"A Didarloo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Didarloo A, Akhgar M, Moghaddam-Tabrizi F, Gharaaghaji R, Sheikhi S. Psychometric properties of the Iranian version of Champion\u2019s Revised Health Belief Model Scale for breast cancer screening. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2020;25(2):146.","journal-title":"Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res"},{"key":"1543_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vhri.2019.11.006","volume":"23","author":"DM Ju\u00e1rez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ju\u00e1rez-Garc\u00eda DM, de Jes\u00fas Garc\u00eda-Sol\u00eds M, T\u00e9llez A. Adaptation and validation of the health belief model scale for breast self-examination in Mexican women. Value Health Reg Issues. 2020;23:30\u20136.","journal-title":"Value Health Reg Issues."},{"key":"1543_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju\u00e1rez-Garc\u00eda DM, Valenciano-Salas IA, de Jes\u00fas Garc\u00eda-Sol\u00eds M, T\u00e9llez A. Development and validation of a mexican version of the Champion\u2019s Health Belief Model Scale for breast cancer screening. J Cancer Educ. 2019:1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-019-01603-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"1543_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2001.00159.x","volume":"33","author":"BI Mikhail","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mikhail BI, Petro-Nustas WI. Transcultural adaptation of Champion\u2019s health belief model scales. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2001;33(2):159\u201365.","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarsh"},{"issue":"9","key":"1543_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2019.20.9.2865","volume":"20","author":"NC Mohamed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohamed NC, Moey S-F, Lim B-C. Validity and reliability of health belief model questionnaire for promoting breast self-examination and screening mammogram for early cancer detection. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2019;20(9):2865.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"11","key":"1543_CR35","first-page":"897","volume":"49","author":"P Parsa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Parsa P, Kandiah M, Mohd Nasir M, Hejar A, Nor AM. Reliability and validity of Champion\u2019s Health Belief Model Scale for breast cancer screening among Malaysian women. Singapore Med J. 2008;49(11):897.","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"1543_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.16.5.433","volume":"16","author":"W Rakowski","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rakowski W, Andersen MR, Stoddard AM, Urban N, Rimer BK, Lane DS, et al. Confirmatory analysis of opinions regarding the pros and cons of mammography. Health Psychol. 1997;16(5):433.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1543_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/00002820-200407000-00005","volume":"27","author":"S Secginli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Secginli S, Nahcivan NO. Reliability and validity of the breast cancer screening belief scale among Turkish women. Cancer Nurs. 2004;27(4):287\u201394.","journal-title":"Cancer Nurs"},{"issue":"6","key":"1543_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/NCC.0b013e3181aaf124","volume":"32","author":"P Taymoori","year":"2009","unstructured":"Taymoori P, Berry T. The validity and reliability of Champion\u2019s Health Belief Model Scale for breast cancer screening behaviors among Iranian women. Cancer nurs. 2009;32(6):465\u201372.","journal-title":"Cancer nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"1543_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00002820-200304000-00007","volume":"26","author":"T-Y Wu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wu T-Y, Yu M-Y. Reliability and validity of the mammography screening beliefs questionnaire among Chinese American women. Cancer nurs. 2003;26(2):131\u201342.","journal-title":"Cancer nurs"},{"key":"1543_CR40","unstructured":"Healthy people 2010: Understanding and improving health. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services. Government Printing Office. ; 2000. Report No.: 0160502608."},{"key":"1543_CR41","unstructured":"Hochbaum GM. Public participation in medical screening programs: a socio-psychological study: Washington, D.C. : U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Bureau of State Services, Division of Special Health Services, Tuberculosis Program; 1958."},{"key":"1543_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.50.3_Pt_1.295","volume":"50","author":"IM Rosenstock","year":"1960","unstructured":"Rosenstock IM. What research in motivation suggests for public health. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1960;50:295\u2013302.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health Nations Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1543_CR43","first-page":"354","volume":"2","author":"IM Rosenstock","year":"1974","unstructured":"Rosenstock IM. The health belief model and preventive health behavior. Health Educ Behav. 1974;2(4):354\u201386.","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"1543_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/109019817400200406","volume":"2","author":"JP Kirscht","year":"1974","unstructured":"Kirscht JP. The health belief model and illness behavior. Health Educ Monogr. 1974;2(4):387\u2013408.","journal-title":"Health Educ Monogr"},{"key":"1543_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1177\/109019817400200407","volume":"2","author":"MH Becker","year":"1974","unstructured":"Becker MH. The health belief model and personal health behavior. Health education monogr. 1974;2:324\u2013473.","journal-title":"Health education monogr"},{"key":"1543_CR46","volume-title":"Health behavior: theory, research, and practice","author":"K Glanz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K. Health behavior: theory, research, and practice. 5th ed. New York: Wiley; 2015.","edition":"5"},{"key":"1543_CR47","volume-title":"Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice","author":"K Glanz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K. Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice. 4th ed. New York: Wiley; 2008.","edition":"4"},{"issue":"3","key":"1543_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-199305000-00003","volume":"42","author":"VL Champion","year":"1993","unstructured":"Champion VL. Instrument refinement for breast cancer screening behaviors. Nurs res. 1993;42(3):139\u201343.","journal-title":"Nurs res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1543_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/00002820-199502000-00008","volume":"18","author":"V Champion","year":"1995","unstructured":"Champion V. Development of a benefits and barriers scale for mammography utilization. Cancer Nurs. 1995;18(1):53\u20139.","journal-title":"Cancer Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"1543_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.4.1.84","volume":"4","author":"RC MacCallum","year":"1999","unstructured":"MacCallum RC, Widaman KF, Zhang S, Hong S. Sample size in factor analysis. Psychol Methods. 1999;4(1):84.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"1543_CR51","unstructured":"Brislin RW. The wording and translation of research instruments. In: Berry IWJLJW, editor. Field methods in cross-cultural research. Sage Publications1986. p. pp. 137\u201364."},{"issue":"3","key":"1543_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3102\/01623737001003071","volume":"1","author":"DW Chapman","year":"1979","unstructured":"Chapman DW, Carter JF. Translation procedures for the cross cultural use of measurement instruments. Educ Eval Policy Anal. 1979;1(3):71\u20136.","journal-title":"Educ Eval Policy Anal"},{"issue":"1","key":"1543_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00050825","volume":"15","author":"M Bravo","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bravo M, Canino GJ, Rubio-Stipec M, Woodbury-Fari\u00f1a M. A cross-cultural adaptation of a psychiatric epidemiologic instrument: the diagnostic interview schedule\u2019s adaptation in Puerto Rico. Cult Med Psychiatry. 1991;15(1):1\u201318.","journal-title":"Cult Med Psychiatry"},{"key":"1543_CR54","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Process of translation and adaptation of instruments [Accessed 18 Sep 2016]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/substance_abuse\/research_tools\/translation\/en\/."},{"issue":"4","key":"1543_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x","volume":"28","author":"CH Lawshe","year":"1975","unstructured":"Lawshe CH. A quantitative approach to content validity. Pers Psychol. 1975;28(4):563\u201375.","journal-title":"Pers Psychol"},{"key":"1543_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984898","volume-title":"Making sense of factor analysis: the use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research","author":"MA Pett","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pett MA, Lackey NR, Sullivan JJ. Making sense of factor analysis: the use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research. London: Sage; 2003."},{"key":"1543_CR57","unstructured":"Pallant J. SPSS survival manual: a step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS: Open University Press; 2010."},{"key":"1543_CR58","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"BG Tabachnick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tabachnick BG, Fidell L. Using multivariate statistics. International. New York: Pearson; 2012.","edition":"International"},{"key":"1543_CR59","volume-title":"Multivariate data analysis","author":"JJF Hair","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hair JJF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE, Tatham RL. Multivariate data analysis. 6th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 2006.","edition":"6"},{"issue":"2","key":"1543_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8317.1950.tb00285.x","volume":"3","author":"MS Bartlett","year":"1950","unstructured":"Bartlett MS. Tests of significance in factor analysis. Br J Stat Psychol. 1950;3(2):77\u201385.","journal-title":"Br J Stat Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1543_CR61","first-page":"6","volume":"18","author":"AS Beavers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Beavers AS, Lounsbury JW, Richards JK, Huck SW, Skolits GJ, Esquivel SL. Practical considerations for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research. Pract Assess Res Eval. 2013;18(1):6.","journal-title":"Pract Assess Res Eval"},{"key":"1543_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203843130","volume-title":"Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences","author":"JP Stevens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stevens JP. Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. 5th ed. New York: Routledge; 2012.","edition":"5"},{"key":"1543_CR63","unstructured":"\u00c7okluk \u00d6, Ko\u00e7ak D. Using Horn\u2019s parallel analysis method in exploratory factor analysis for determining the number of factors. Educ Sci Theory Pract. 2016;16(2)."},{"issue":"2","key":"1543_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289447","volume":"30","author":"JL Horn","year":"1965","unstructured":"Horn JL. A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika. 1965;30(2):179\u201385.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"1","key":"1543_CR65","first-page":"2","volume":"12","author":"RD Ledesma","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ledesma RD, Valero-Mora P. Determining the number of factors to retain in EFA: An easy-to-use computer program for carrying out parallel analysis. Pract Assess Res Eval. 2007;12(1):2.","journal-title":"Pract Assess Res Eval"},{"issue":"3","key":"1543_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-014-0751-6","volume":"30","author":"M Gondek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gondek M, Shogan M, Saad-Harfouche FG, Rodriguez EM, Erwin DO, Griswold K, et al. Engaging immigrant and refugee women in breast health education. J Cancer Educ. 2015;30(3):593\u20138.","journal-title":"J Cancer Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"1543_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/00002820-199710000-00002","volume":"20","author":"V Champion","year":"1997","unstructured":"Champion V, Menon U. Predicting mammography and breast self-examination in African American women. Cancer Nurs. 1997;20(5):315\u201322.","journal-title":"Cancer Nurs"}],"container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-021-01543-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12905-021-01543-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-021-01543-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]],"date-time":"2023-02-11T12:06:19Z","timestamp":1676117179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12905-021-01543-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-021-01543-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6874"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6874","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The methods were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Universiti Putra Malaysia [Ref No. FPSK(EXP16) P151]. Participants provided fully informed consent to participate and were provided with a copy of the consent form with study and investigator information.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Participants were informed during the consent process that the de-identified data would be published.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"437"}}