{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T13:02:15Z","timestamp":1793106135455,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to evaluate the socio-demographic characteristics of women with female genital mutilation\/cutting (FGM\/C) and the results of FGM\/C due to pelvic floor dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of FGM\/C was 87.2% in Sudan and Type 3 (50.4%) was the most prevalent, followed by Type 2 (35%) and Type 1 (8.5%). In the multinominal logistic regression analysis performed to show the effect of FGM\/C on pelvic organ prolapse (POP), it was observed that FGM\/C frequency in POP group 2 was statistically similar when POP group 1 was taken as reference category. In the evaluation for symptomatic POP (POP group 3), risk of developing POP in patients without FGM\/C was significantly lower than patients with type 3 FGM\/C with a rate of 82.9% (OR(odds ratio): 0.171 (p: 0.002), (Confidence Interval (CI) %95; 0.058\u20130.511). Risk of developing POP rate in patients with type 1 FGM\/C was 75% (OR:0.250 (p: 0.005), CI %95; 0.094\u20130.666) and in patients with type 2 FGM\/C was 78.4% (OR:0.216 (p: 0.0001), CI%95; 0.115\u20130.406). In the multinominal logistic regression analysis including other variables affecting POP, when group 1 was taken as the reference category, it was found that the possibility of developing mild POP (group 2) decreased in FGM\/C type 1 and 2 compared to FGM\/C type 3 but it was not statistically significant. However, the evaluation for the symptomatic POP group showed up a significantly lower risk of developing POP in patients with type 2 FGM\/C compared to patients with type 3 FGM\/C, with a rate of 58.4%. (OR:0.419 (p: 0.016), CI%95; 0.206\u20130.851) (Table 3). In addition, older age was found to be significant risk factor for increasing symptomatic POP (p: 0.003).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type 2 and 3 FGM\/C continues to be an important health problem in terms of complications that may develop in advanced ages as well as many short-term complications as a result of mechanical or physiological deterioration of the female genital anatomy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-021-01576-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T20:02:53Z","timestamp":1640635373000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Female genital mutilation\/cutting in sudan and subsequent pelvic floor dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"\u00d6zer","family":"Birge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliye Nigar","family":"Serin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Sait","family":"Bak\u0131r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1576_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Female genital mutilation (2018). Accessed: January 13, 2019: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/female-genital-mutilation."},{"key":"1576_CR2","unstructured":"Eliminating female genital mutilation. An interagency statement. OHCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WHO. (2008). Accessed: January 13, 2019: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/43839\/9789241596442_eng.pdf;jsessionid=C0B6B31D9C1807D0B047F8E689."},{"key":"1576_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-020-00949-z","volume":"20","author":"Al Awar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Awar Al, et al. Prevalence, knowledge, attitude and practices of female genital mutilation and cutting (FGM\/C) among United Arab Emirates population. BMC Womens Health. 2020;20:79.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"1576_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082340","volume":"9","author":"G Paslakis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paslakis G, et al. Clinical features associated with female genital mutilation\/cutting: a pilot longitudinal study. J Clin Med. 2020;9:2340.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1576_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vital, M.; De Visme, S.; Hanf, M.; Philippe, H.J.; Winer, N.; Wylomanski, S. Using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) to evaluate sexual function in women with genital mutilation undergoing surgical reconstruction: A pilot prospective study. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2016.04.029"},{"key":"1576_CR6","unstructured":"UNICEF. Percentage of women and girls aged 15\u201349 who have undergone FGM\/C. 2016."},{"issue":"2","key":"1576_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2018.099","volume":"6","author":"AH Elduma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elduma AH. Female genital mutilation in Sudan. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2018;6(2):430\u20134 (Epub 2018\/03\/14).","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"},{"key":"1576_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S112226","volume":"8","author":"AD Abathun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abathun AD, Sundby J, Gele AA. Attitude toward female genital mutilation among Somali and Harari people, Eastern Ethiopia. Int J Women\u2019s Health. 2016;8:557.","journal-title":"Int J Women's Health"},{"key":"1576_CR9","unstructured":"Inter\u2013African Committee on Traditional Practices (IAC). 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Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2013;123(1):21\u20133.","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"}],"container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-021-01576-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12905-021-01576-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-021-01576-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T12:26:07Z","timestamp":1674217567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12905-021-01576-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-021-01576-y","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-505947\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1472-6874"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6874","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted retrospectively and in a single center and approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Sudan Nyala Turkish Hospital, Sudan (Ethics Committee Decision Date\u2014No: 26.06.2018\u201445\/4743). This study have been performed with the appropriate participants' informed consent in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"430"}}