{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T10:56:46Z","timestamp":1740135406177,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641945600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81673183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81673183"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Obesity among women of childbearing age has becoming an important public health concern. We aimed to describe the trends of central obesity among Chinese women of childbearing age from 2004 to 2011 and to examine its associations with nutrients intake and daily behaviors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Longitudinal data were derived from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Participants consisted of 2481 women aged 15\u201344 years old. WC (Waist circumference) and WHtR (Waist to height ratio) were adopted as indicators of central obesity. Generalized linear mixed model was performed to analyze the associations of nutrients intake and daily behaviors with central obesity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 2004 to 2011, the prevalence of central obesity among Chinese women of childbearing age increased from 21.6 to 30.7% (WC as indice) or from 22.8 to 32.6% (WHtR as indice) (both<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Protein intake above the AMDR (Acceptable macronutrient distribution range) (OR\u2009=\u20091.21, 95% CI 1.05\u20131.39,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and non-participation in LTPA (Leisure time physical activity) (OR\u2009=\u20091.45, 95% CI 1.17\u20131.80,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) were risk factors for high WC, and the latter was also associated with high WHtR (OR\u2009=\u20091.36, 95% CI\u20091.10\u20131.67,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). For those women who had high WC &amp; high WHtR, the impacts of protein intake and LTPA became stronger, especial LTPA (OR\u2009=\u20091.53, 95% CI 1.21\u20131.94,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Age-stratified analyses found that non-participation in LTPA was key factor for central obesity in 15\u201334 age group, while protein intake above the AMDR was pronounced in the 35\u201344 age group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non-participation in LTPA and protein intake above the AMDR were significant contributors of central obesity, which could be intervention targets to deal with the growing trend of central obesity among women of childbearing age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01600-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T01:03:14Z","timestamp":1641949394000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Trends of central obesity and associations with nutrients intake and daily behaviors among women of childbearing age in China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Zichong","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanqing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanlin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shenghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"1600_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30217-0","volume":"4","author":"L Poston","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poston L, Caleyachetty R, Cnattingius S, Corval\u00e1n C, Uauy R, Herring S, et al. Preconceptional and maternal obesity: epidemiology and health consequences. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(12):1025\u201336.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"8","key":"1600_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.732","volume":"311","author":"CL Ogden","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011\u20132012. JAMA. 2014;311(8):806\u201314.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"12","key":"1600_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303499","volume":"106","author":"Y He","year":"2016","unstructured":"He Y, Pan A, Yang Y, Wang Y, Xu J, Zhang Y, et al. Prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity among reproductive-age women and adolescent girls in rural China. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(12):2103\u201310.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"1600_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-00684-3","volume":"44","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Su C, Ouyang YF, Jia XF, Zhang B, Wang ZH, et al. Secular trends in sedentary behaviors and associations with weight indicators among Chinese reproductive-age women from 2004 to 2015: findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Int J Obes (Lond). 2020;44(11):2267\u201378.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1600_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.01.017","volume":"107","author":"DE Broughton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Broughton DE, Moley KH. Obesity and female infertility: potential mediators of obesity\u2019s impact. Fertil Steril. 2017;107(4):840\u20137.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"4","key":"1600_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2014.10.014","volume":"29","author":"A Talmor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Talmor A, Dunphy B. Female obesity and infertility. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;29(4):498\u2013506.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1600_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12804","volume":"20","author":"SA Price","year":"2019","unstructured":"Price SA, Sumithran P, Nankervis A, Permezel M, Proietto J. Preconception management of women with obesity: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2019;20(4):510\u201326.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1600_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-020-0882-3","volume":"20","author":"MJ Hutchesson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hutchesson MJ, de Jonge Mulock Houwer M, Brown HM, Lim S, Moran LJ, Vincze L, et al. Supporting women of childbearing age in the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity: a scoping review of randomized control trials of behavioral interventions. BMC Womens Health. 2020;20(1):14.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"10132","key":"1600_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30312-X","volume":"391","author":"TP Fleming","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fleming TP, Watkins AJ, Velazquez MA, Mathers JC, Prentice AM, Stephenson J, et al. Origins of lifetime health around the time of conception: causes and consequences. Lancet. 2018;391(10132):1842\u201352.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"1600_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-0609-4","volume":"44","author":"L Kong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kong L, Chen X, Gissler M, Lavebratt C. Relationship of prenatal maternal obesity and diabetes to offspring neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders: a narrative review. Int J Obes (Lond). 2020;44(10):1981\u20132000.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1600_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.09.008","volume":"131","author":"MC Harps\u00f8e","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harps\u00f8e MC, Basit S, Bager P, Wohlfahrt J, Benn CS, N\u00f8hr EA, et al. Maternal obesity, gestational weight gain, and risk of asthma and atopic disease in offspring: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(4):1033\u201340.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1600_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14281","volume":"1461","author":"JR Bracht","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bracht JR, Vieira-Potter VJ, De Souza Santos R, \u00d6z OK, Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. The role of estrogens in the adipose tissue milieu. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2020;1461(1):127\u201343.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"1600_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002916","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002916","volume":"16","author":"C Chandramouli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chandramouli C, Tay WT, Bamadhaj NS, Tromp J, Teng TK, Yap JJL, et al. Association of obesity with heart failure outcomes in 11 Asian regions: A cohort study. PLoS Med. 2019;16(9):e1002916.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1600_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31935","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31935","volume":"6","author":"M Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang M, Zhao Y, Wang G, Zhang H, Ren Y, Wang B, et al. Body mass index and waist circumference combined predicts obesity-related hypertension better than either alone in a rural Chinese population. Sci Rep. 2016;6:31935.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"18","key":"1600_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160006","volume":"130","author":"M Hopkins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hopkins M, Blundell JE. Energy balance, body composition, sedentariness and appetite regulation: pathways to obesity. Clin Sci (Lond). 2016;130(18):1615\u201328.","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1600_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12119","volume":"15","author":"B Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang B, Zhai FY, Du SF, Popkin BM. The China health and nutrition survey, 1989\u20132011. Obes Rev. 2014;15(Suppl 1):2\u20137.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"1600_CR17","unstructured":"Organization WH. Women\u2019s Health 2018.\u00a0https:\/\/www.who.int\/zh\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/women-s-health. Accessed 18 Feb 2021."},{"key":"1600_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583692","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.583692","volume":"11","author":"PH Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen PH, Chen W, Wang CW, Yang HF, Huang WT, Huang HC, et al. Association of physical fitness performance tests and anthropometric indices in Taiwanese adults. Front Physiol. 2020;11:583692.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1600_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.101","volume":"64","author":"J Stevens","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stevens J, Katz EG, Huxley RR. Associations between gender, age and waist circumference. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(1):6\u201315.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1600_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12278","volume":"29","author":"AM Madden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Madden AM, Smith S. Body composition and morphological assessment of nutritional status in adults: a review of anthropometric variables. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2016;29(1):7\u201325.","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"5","key":"1600_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002275","volume":"114","author":"RA Agredo-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Agredo-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga RA, Aguilar-de Plata C, Su\u00e1rez-Orteg\u00f3n MF. Waist:height ratio, waist circumference and metabolic syndrome abnormalities in Colombian schooled adolescents: a multivariate analysis considering located adiposity. Br J Nutr. 2015;114(5):700\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1600_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000338","volume":"26","author":"B Qin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Qin B, Adair LS, Plassman BL, Batis C, Edwards LJ, Popkin BM, et al. Dietary patterns and cognitive decline among Chinese older adults. Epidemiology. 2015;26(5):758\u201368.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1600_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2014.12.010","volume":"1","author":"M Hirshkowitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, Alessi C, Bruni O, DonCarlos L, et al. National Sleep Foundation\u2019s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health. 2015;1(1):40\u20133.","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1600_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210.e1-7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.06.057","volume":"198","author":"JE Chavarro","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chavarro JE, Rich-Edwards JW, Rosner BA, Willett WC. Protein intake and ovulatory infertility. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198(2):210.e1-7.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1600_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmp008","volume":"15","author":"L Moran","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moran L, Teede H. Metabolic features of the reproductive phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod Update. 2009;15(4):477\u201388.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"10047","key":"1600_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31338-1","volume":"388","author":"Y Freedhoff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Freedhoff Y, Hall KD. Weight loss diet studies: we need help not hype. Lancet. 2016;388(10047):849\u201351.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"1600_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510004642","volume":"105","author":"Y Lin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin Y, Bolca S, Vandevijvere S, De Vriese S, Mouratidou T, De Neve M, et al. Plant and animal protein intake and its association with overweight and obesity among the Belgian population. Br J Nutr. 2011;105(7):1106\u201316.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"1600_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5381","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030851","volume":"88","author":"JR Greenfield","year":"2003","unstructured":"Greenfield JR, Samaras K, Jenkins AB, Kelly PJ, Spector TD, Campbell LV. Moderate alcohol consumption, dietary fat composition, and abdominal obesity in women: evidence for gene-environment interaction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(11):5381\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"1600_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051151","volume":"11","author":"C Meisinger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meisinger C, Rospleszcz S, Wintermeyer E, Lorbeer R, Thorand B, Bamberg F, et al. Isocaloric substitution of dietary carbohydrate intake with fat intake and MRI-determined total volumes of visceral, subcutaneous and hepatic fat content in middle-aged adults. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1151.","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"issue":"4","key":"1600_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2011.09.010","volume":"61","author":"CA Larsson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Larsson CA, Kr\u00f8ll L, Bennet L, Gullberg B, R\u00e5stam L, Lindblad U. Leisure time and occupational physical activity in relation to obesity and insulin resistance: a population-based study from the Skaraborg Project in Sweden. Metabolism. 2012;61(4):590\u20138.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"1600_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cky030","volume":"28","author":"G C\u00e1rdenas Fuentes","year":"2018","unstructured":"C\u00e1rdenas Fuentes G, Bawaked RA, Mart\u00ednez Gonz\u00e1lez M, Corella D, Subirana Cachinero I, Salas-Salvad\u00f3 J, et al. Association of physical activity with body mass index, waist circumference and incidence of obesity in older adults. Eur J Public Health. 2018;28(5):944\u201350.","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1600_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00012.2011","volume":"92","author":"D Thompson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thompson D, Karpe F, Lafontan M, Frayn K. Physical activity and exercise in the regulation of human adipose tissue physiology. Physiol Rev. 2012;92(1):157\u201391.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1600_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.3.612","volume":"88","author":"U Ekelund","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ekelund U, Brage S, Besson H, Sharp S, Wareham NJ. Time spent being sedentary and weight gain in healthy adults: reverse or bidirectional causality? Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(3):612\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1600_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-11-13","volume":"11","author":"C Bj\u00f8rk Petersen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bj\u00f8rk Petersen C, Bauman A, Gr\u00f8nb\u00e6k M, Wulff Helge J, Thygesen LC, Tolstrup JS. Total sitting time and risk of myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality in a prospective cohort of Danish adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014;11:13.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"10051","key":"1600_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30370-1","volume":"388","author":"U Ekelund","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ekelund U, Steene-Johannessen J, Brown WJ, Fagerland MW, Owen N, Powell KE, et al. Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. Lancet. 2016;388(10051):1302\u201310.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"1600_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2017.6534","volume":"27","author":"LA V\u00e9zina-Im","year":"2018","unstructured":"V\u00e9zina-Im LA, Nicklas TA, Baranowski T. Associations among sleep, body mass index, waist circumference, and risk of type 2 diabetes among U.S. childbearing-age women: national health and nutrition examination survey. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2018;27(11):1400\u20137.","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1600_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-018-0071-4","volume":"109","author":"LA V\u00e9zina-Im","year":"2018","unstructured":"V\u00e9zina-Im LA, Lebel A, Gagnon P, Nicklas TA, Baranowski T. Association between sleep and overweight\/obesity among women of childbearing age in Canada. Can J Public Health. 2018;109(4):516\u201326.","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1600_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1718","volume":"62","author":"L Zhu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhu L, Brown WC, Cai Q, Krust A, Chambon P, McGuinness OP, et al. Estrogen treatment after ovariectomy protects against fatty liver and may improve pathway-selective insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2013;62(2):424\u201334.","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-022-01600-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12905-022-01600-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-022-01600-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T18:25:53Z","timestamp":1700072753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12905-022-01600-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1600"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-022-01600-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6874"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1472-6874"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and the Institute of Nutrition and Health, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12"}}