{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T03:56:10Z","timestamp":1774065370030,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]],"date-time":"2022-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]],"date-time":"2022-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Violence against women is a significant health and legal problem and has been declared as a health priority by the World Health Organization. The most common type of violence against women is domestic violence, more prevalent against women with disabilities than other women. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating neurological disease and has experienced sudden growth in Iran. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of domestic violence and its various types (psychological, economic, physical, and sexual) experienced by women with MS.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, 275 married women with MS were selected using convenience sampling. After obtaining informed consent and reviewing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the Domestic Violence against Women Questionnaire developed by Mohseni Tabrizi et al. was completed by the participants on a self-report basis. The results were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. To analyze data, statistical tests including chi-square and Fisher exact tests for univariate analysis and logistic regression, were employed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The mean age of participants was 37.12\u2009\u00b1\u20098.48\u00a0years. Domestic violence in different forms of psychological, economic, physical, and sexual violence was present in 53.1%, 63%, 33.6%, and 20.4% of participants, respectively. Economic violence (33.8%) was the highest, and sexual violence (5.1%) was the lowest rate of severe violence among participants. There was a significant relationship between the overall rate of domestic violence and the variables including income (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013), spouse\u2019s income (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001), participant\u2019s job (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.036) and participant\u2019s education (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001). In logistic regression, the overall rate of domestic violence was higher in participants with education less than a diploma than in participants with a diploma (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.014) and participants with a university education (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.016).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>According to the results, providing opportunities such as promoting the social status of women, fulfilling the rights of women with disabilities and debilitating diseases such as MS in society is recommended. Additionally, educating men about the negative impact of domestic violence on the current and future status of the family seems necessary. Providing counseling facilities on various forms of violence, especially domestic violence, for women with MS, is also recommended.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01905-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]],"date-time":"2022-07-31T09:02:41Z","timestamp":1659258161000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Domestic violence experienced by women with multiple sclerosis: a study from the North-East of Iran"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Elham","family":"Manouchehri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Ghavami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Larki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Saeidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robab","family":"Latifnejad Roudsari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"1905_CR1","unstructured":"Iran. UNIR. Types of violence against women and girls. 2020 https:\/\/iran.un.org\/en\/102394-frequently-asked-questions-types-violence-against-women-and-girls."},{"key":"1905_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. Violence against women Prevalence Estimates, 2018. Global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women. : Geneva.2021."},{"issue":"6","key":"1905_CR3","first-page":"491","volume":"16","author":"HNM Ansari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ansari HNM, Yadegari M, Javaheri M, Ansari S. Evaluation of physical, psychological and sexual violence and related factors among married women in Zahedan. Medi J Hormozgan. 2011;16(6):491\u20139.","journal-title":"Medi J Hormozgan"},{"key":"1905_CR4","unstructured":"Equality. EIfG. Physical violence. https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/taxonomy\/term\/13182021."},{"issue":"3","key":"1905_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.02.022","volume":"61","author":"JL Fanslow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fanslow JL, Malihi ZA, Hashemi L, Gulliver PJ, McIntosh TK. Lifetime prevalence of intimate partner violence and disability: results from a population-based study in New Zealand. Am J Prev Med. 2021;61(3):320\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1905_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/1744629517698844","volume":"22","author":"G Byrne","year":"2018","unstructured":"Byrne G. Prevalence and psychological sequelae of sexual abuse among individuals with an intellectual disability: a review of the recent literature. J Intellect Disabil. 2018;22(3):294\u2013310.","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil"},{"key":"1905_CR7","unstructured":"Prevention. CfDCa. Preventing sexual violence: CDC https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/sexualviolence\/fastfact.html (2021). Accessed 5 Feb 2021."},{"issue":"2","key":"1905_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/19315864.2021.1883780","volume":"14","author":"KJ Stobbe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stobbe KJ, Scheffers M, van Busschbach JT, Didden R. Prevention and intervention programs targeting sexual abuse in individuals with mild intellectual disability: a systematic review. J Ment Health Res Intellect Disabil. 2021;14(2):135\u201358.","journal-title":"J Ment Health Res Intellect Disabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"1905_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041980","volume":"18","author":"R Tomsa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tomsa R, Gutu S, Cojocaru D, Guti\u00e9rrez-Bermejo B, Flores N, Jenaro C. Prevalence of sexual abuse in adults with intellectual disability: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1980.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"14","key":"1905_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","volume":"26","author":"CKR Walton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walton CKR, Rechtman L, et al. Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition. Mult Scler J. 2020;26(14):1816\u201321.","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1905_CR11","first-page":"23","volume":"20","author":"E Manouchehri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manouchehri E, Saeedi M, Najmabadi KM. Evaluation of sexual self-efficacy and sexual function in women with multiple sclerosis in Mashhad, Iran, in 2019: a cross-sectional study. Curr J Neurol. 2021;20(1):23.","journal-title":"Curr J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1905_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/29.3.177","volume":"29","author":"J Oktay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Oktay J, Tompkins C. Personal assistance providers\u2019 mistreatment of disabled adults. Health Soc Work. 2004;29(3):177\u201388.","journal-title":"Health Soc Work"},{"issue":"1","key":"1905_CR13","first-page":"s13","volume":"72","author":"MLFM Rosenberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rosenberg MLFM, Johnson D, Short L. Bridging prevention and practice: public health and family violence. Acad Med. 1997;72(1):s13\u20138.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1905_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22366","volume":"69","author":"CHRS Polman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Polman CHRS, Banwell B, Clanet M, Cohen JA, Filippi M, et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(2):292\u2013302.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1905_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510372150","volume":"16","author":"K Ghandehari","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ghandehari K, Riasi HR, Nourian A, Boroumand AR. Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in north east of Iran. Mult Scler. 2010;16(12):1525.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"1905_CR16","first-page":"11","volume":"11","author":"AKA Mohseni Tabrizi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mohseni Tabrizi AKA, Javadianzadeh M. The study of domestic violence in marrid women addmitted to Yazd legal medicine organization and welfare organization. Tolooebehdasht. 2013;11:11\u201324.","journal-title":"Tolooebehdasht"},{"issue":"3","key":"1905_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3303_6","volume":"33","author":"TN Sullivan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sullivan TN, Kung EM, Farrell AD. Relation between witnessing violence and drug use initiation among rural adolescents: parental monitoring and family support as protective factors. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2004;33(3):488\u201398.","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"1905_CR18","unstructured":"Organization WH. Ethical and safety recommendations for intervention research on violence against women: building on lessons from the WHO publication putting women first: ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women. 2016."},{"issue":"6","key":"1905_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.03.017","volume":"25","author":"MJ Breiding","year":"2015","unstructured":"Breiding MJ, Armour BS. The association between disability and intimate partner violence in the United States. Ann Epidemiol. 2015;25(6):455\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1905_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5277-0","volume":"18","author":"J Dammeyer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dammeyer J, Chapman M. A national survey on violence and discrimination among people with disabilities. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1905_CR21","unstructured":"Dunkle K, Van Der Heijden I, Stern E, Esnat C. Disability and violence against women and girls: emerging evidence from the what works to prevent violence against women and girls global programme. Works W; 2018."},{"issue":"4","key":"1905_CR22","first-page":"5824","volume":"9","author":"S Nouhjah","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nouhjah S, Pour Z, Nasab N. Domestic Violence prevalence and related factors in disabled women: a pilot study in women with multiple sclerosis. Life Sci J-Acta Zhengzhou Univ Overseas Edit. 2012;9(4):5824\u20137.","journal-title":"Life Sci J-Acta Zhengzhou Univ Overseas Edit"},{"issue":"9929","key":"1905_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62243-6","volume":"383","author":"N Abrahams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abrahams N, Devries K, Watts C, Pallitto C, Petzold M, Shamu S, et al. Worldwide prevalence of non-partner sexual violence: a systematic review. Lancet. 2014;383(9929):1648\u201354.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"1905_CR24","first-page":"6","volume":"27","author":"AK Kassah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kassah AK, Kassah BLL, Agbota TK. Abuse of disabled children in Ghana. Disabil Soc. 2013;27(5):6.","journal-title":"Disabil Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"1905_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.5463\/dcid.v27i2.500","volume":"27","author":"MP Opoku","year":"2016","unstructured":"Opoku MP, Huyser N, Mprah WK, Alupo BA, Badu E. Sexual violence against women with disabilities in Ghana: accounts of women with disabilities from Ashanti region. Disabil CBR Incl Dev. 2016;27(2):91\u2013111.","journal-title":"Disabil CBR Incl Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1905_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2012-002","volume":"15","author":"S Tompkins","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tompkins S, Roeder J, Thomas J, Koch K. Effectiveness of a relationship enrichment program for couples living with multiple sclerosis. Int J MS Care. 2013;15(1):27\u201334.","journal-title":"Int J MS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1905_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5277-0","volume":"18","author":"J Dammeyer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dammeyer J, Chapman M. A national survey on violence and discrimination among people with disabilities. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):355.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1905_CR28","first-page":"215","volume":"102","author":"CL Ward","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ward CL, Artz L, Berg J, Boonzaier F, Crawford-Browne S, Dawes A, et al. Violence, violence prevention, and safety: a research agenda for South Africa. SAMJ: South Afr Med J. 2012;102(4):215\u20138.","journal-title":"SAMJ: South Afr Med J"},{"key":"1905_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giraldo A, Ojha M, Ojha M. The effect of quality of education on violence: evidence from Colombia. Vniversitas Econ\u00f3mica. 2017;17(10).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3060856"},{"issue":"1","key":"1905_CR30","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"S Heleta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heleta S. Decolonisation of higher education: dismantling epistemic violence and Eurocentrism in South Africa. Transform High Educ. 2016;1(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Transform High Educ"},{"key":"1905_CR31","unstructured":"Nojoumi M, Aghaei S, Eslami S. Domestic violence against women attending gynecologic outpatient clinics. 2007."},{"issue":"1","key":"1905_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2010.07.030","volume":"112","author":"HE Ardabily","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ardabily HE, Moghadam ZB, Salsali M, Ramezanzadeh F, Nedjat S. Prevalence and risk factors for domestic violence against infertile women in an Iranian setting. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2011;112(1):15\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"1905_CR33","unstructured":"Dockerty C, Varney J, Jay-Webster R. Disability and domestic abuse. Risks, impacts and response. Public Health England. 2015:1\u201325."},{"issue":"18","key":"1905_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2017.1331380","volume":"40","author":"M Itzick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Itzick M, Kagan M, Tal-Katz P. Perceived social support as a moderator between perceived discrimination and subjective well-being among people with physical disabilities in Israel. Disabil Rehabil. 2018;40(18):2208\u201316.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"1905_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4308-6","volume":"17","author":"H Tough","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tough H, Siegrist J, Fekete C. Social relationships, mental health and wellbeing in physical disability: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):414.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1905_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515585534","volume":"32","author":"L Platt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Platt L, Powers L, Leotti S, Hughes RB, Robinson-Whelen S, Osburn S, et al. The role of gender in violence experienced by adults with developmental disabilities. J Interpers Viol. 2017;32(1):101\u201329.","journal-title":"J Interpers Viol"},{"key":"1905_CR37","first-page":"4","volume":"2","author":"J Astbury","year":"2012","unstructured":"Astbury J. Violating the right to health: how partner violence and disability undermine women\u2019s mental health in Cambodia, special issue on mental health. J Disabil Int Dev. 2012;2:4\u201311.","journal-title":"J Disabil Int Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"1905_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2011.602867","volume":"26","author":"RK Thiara","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thiara RK, Hague G, Mullender A. Losing out on both counts: disabled women and domestic violence. Disabil Soc. 2011;26(6):757\u201371.","journal-title":"Disabil Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"1905_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/09503150601025204","volume":"18","author":"J Radford","year":"2006","unstructured":"Radford J, Harne L, Trotter J. Disabled women and domestic violence as violent crime. Practice. 2006;18(4):233\u201346.","journal-title":"Practice"}],"container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-022-01905-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12905-022-01905-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-022-01905-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]],"date-time":"2022-07-31T09:02:59Z","timestamp":1659258179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12905-022-01905-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1905"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-022-01905-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6874"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6874","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 February 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was granted from the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, under the code of IR.MUMS.REC.1398.302 (Grant ID: 980885). All procedures were performed under the relevant guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Written, signed, and informed consent was received from each study participant.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"321"}}