{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:42:57Z","timestamp":1793324577845,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In order to meet the WHO 2030 cervical cancer elimination program, evaluation and utilization of sensitive testing method, and feasible sampling technique is a paradigm for enhancing cervical cancer screening coverage. Self-sampling for screening of HPV DNA testing is one of the easiest and sensitive techniques, though the evidence was limited in the Ethiopian context. This study aimed to compare the performance of self-collected vaginal specimen versus clinician collected cervical specimen for detection of HPV among HIV positive women in Ethiopia.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We conducted a comparative cross-sectional study design to collect cervicovaginal specimens among HIV positive women of age older than 24\u00a0years. Data were collected from six government hospitals from January to October 2021. A total of 994 cervicovaginal specimens was collected by clinicians and HIV positive women themselves in the cervical cancer screening unit using Abbott Cervi-Collect Specimen Collection Kit, and molecular HPV testing was conducted. Data were entered into an Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Sensitivity, specificity and kappa were reported with <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 considered as statistically significant.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The prevalence of high-risk HPV was 29.4% among self-sampled specimen and 23.9% among clinician collected specimens. The overall concordance of the test result was 87.3%. Oncogenic HPV types, other than HPV16&amp;18 were predominant in both sampling techniques, 19.9% from vaginal self-collected specimen and 16.7% of clinician collected cervical specimens. The sensitivity and specificity of self-sampled HPV test was 84.0% and 88.4%, respectively. The level of agreement was good (k\u2009=\u20090.68) and statistically significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The discriminatory power of the test as true positive and negative was excellent with an area under the curve of 0.86.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The magnitude of oncogenic HPV was higher in self-collected samples than the clinician collected specimen with good agreement between the two sampling methods. Thus, we recommend the Ministry of Health in Ethiopia to expand utilization of the self-sampled technique and enhance the coverage of screening in the country.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01944-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T09:04:41Z","timestamp":1662023081000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Comparison of self-collected versus clinician collected cervicovaginal specimens for detection of high risk human papillomavirus among HIV infected women in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Agajie Likie","family":"Bogale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tilahun","family":"Teklehaymanot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jemal Haidar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Getnet Mitike","family":"Kassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girmay","family":"Medhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajanaw Yizengaw","family":"Baye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelework Yilma","family":"Shiferaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1944_CR1","volume-title":"Plan of action for cervical cancer prevention and control 2018\u20132030","author":"PAH Organization","year":"2018","unstructured":"Organization PAH. Plan of action for cervical cancer prevention and control 2018\u20132030. Washington, D.C.: PAHO; 2018."},{"key":"1944_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. International agency of research on cancer. Cervix uteri, Globocan 2020, 2021. p. 1\u20132."},{"issue":"32","key":"1944_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(08)32415-X","volume":"16","author":"RI Anorlu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Anorlu RI. Cervical cancer: the sub-Saharan African perspective. Reprod Health Matters. 2008;16(32):41\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0968-8080(08)32415-X.","journal-title":"Reprod Health Matters"},{"key":"1944_CR4","unstructured":"WHO. Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem and its associated goals and targets for the period 2020\u20132030, vol. 2, no. 1. 2020."},{"key":"1944_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2005.02.001","volume":"97","author":"S Baldwin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baldwin S, Santos C, Brown EM, Nuno T, Giuliano A, John Davis J, et al. Comparison of type-specific human papillomavirus data from self and clinician directed sampling. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;97:612\u20137.","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1944_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e31826b7b51","volume":"17","author":"A Berner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berner A, Hassel SB, Tebeu PM, Untiet S, Fosso GK, Navarria I, et al. Human papillomavirus self-sampling in Cameroon: women\u2019s uncertainties over the reliability of the method are barriers to acceptance. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2013;17(3):235\u201341.","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1944_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05706-z","volume":"21","author":"CEF Flores","year":"2021","unstructured":"Flores CEF, Gutierrez GG, Leon JMO, Rodriguez DC, S\u00f8rbye SW. Self-collected versus clinician-collected cervical samples for the detection of HPV infections by 14-type DNA and 7-type mRNA tests. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1944_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.686","volume":"21","author":"CE Schmeink","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schmeink CE, Bekkers RLM, Massuger LFAG, Melchers WJG. The potential role of self-sampling for high-risk human papillomavirus detection in cervical cancer screening. Rev Med Virol. 2011;21(3):139\u201353.","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1944_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12538","volume":"142","author":"L Bergengren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bergengren L, Kaliff M, Larsson GL, Karlsson MG, Helenius G. Comparison between professional sampling and self-sampling for HPV-based cervical cancer screening among postmenopausal women. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2018;142(3):359\u201364.","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1944_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052609","volume":"93","author":"EJ Nelson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nelson EJ, Maynard BR, Loux T, Fatla J, Gordon R, Arnold LD. The acceptability of self-sampled screening for HPV DNA: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2017;93(1):56\u201361.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"1944_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.04.025","volume":"125","author":"NJ Polmana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Polmana NJ, de Haana Y, Veldhuijzen NJ, Heideman DAM, de Vet HCW, Meijer CJLM, et al. Experience with HPV self-sampling and clinician-based sampling in women attending routine cervical screening in the Netherlands. Prev Med. 2019;125:5\u201311.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"1944_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-020-01158-4","volume":"21","author":"AK Mulki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mulki AK, Withers M. Human Papilloma Virus self\u2014sampling performance in low\u2014and middle\u2014income countries. BMC Womens Health. 2021;21:12.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"1944_CR13","unstructured":"Addis Ababa Health Bureau. Health Sector Transformation Plan II HSTPII 2020\u20132024."},{"key":"1944_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/10732748221114980","volume":"29","author":"AL Bogale","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bogale AL, Teklehaymanot T, Kassie GM, Medhin G, Ali JH, Belay NB. Performance of visual inspection with acetic acid for cervical cancer screening as compared to human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid testing among women with HIV in Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. Cancer Control. 2022;29:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10732748221114980.","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"1944_CR15","volume-title":"Practical statistics for medical research","author":"D Altman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Altman D. Practical statistics for medical research. London: Chapman and Hall; 1991."},{"issue":"10","key":"1944_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-020-01727-5","volume":"25","author":"T Onuma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Onuma T, Kurokawa T, Shinagawa A, Chino Y, Yoshida Y. Evaluation of the concordance in HPV type between self- and physician-collected samples using a brush-based device and a PCR-based HPV DNA test in Japanese referred patients with abnormal cytology or HPV infection. Int J Clin Oncol. 2020;25(10):1854\u201360.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1944_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181ec173d","volume":"5","author":"JN Mandrekar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mandrekar JN. Receiver operating characteristic curve in diagnostic test assessment. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5(9):1315\u20136.","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"1944_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-017-0460-2","volume":"43","author":"N Phoolcharoen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Phoolcharoen N, Kantathavorn N, Krisorakun W, et al. Acceptability of self-sample human papillomavirus testing among Thai women visiting a colposcopy clinic. J Community Health. 2018;43:611\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10900-017-0460-2.","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"1944_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2019.8258","volume":"29","author":"K Chatzistamatiou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chatzistamatiou K, Vrekoussis T, Tsertanidou A, Moysiadis T, Mouchtaropoulou E, Pasentsis K, et al. Acceptability of self-sampling for human papillomavirus-based cervical cancer screening. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2020;29(11):1447\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jwh.2019.8258.","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"1944_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k4823","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k4823","volume":"363","author":"M Arbyn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arbyn M, Smith SB, Temin S, Sultana F, Castle P. Detecting cervical precancer and reaching underscreened women by using HPV testing on self samples: updated meta-analyses. BMJ. 2018;363:k4823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k4823.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1944_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100235","volume":"11","author":"F Inturrisi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Inturrisi F, Aitken CA, Melchers WJG, Molijn A, Hinrichs JWJ, Niesters HGM, et al. Clinical performance of high-risk HPV testing on self-samples versus clinician samples in routine primary HPV screening in the Netherlands: an observational study. Lancet Reg Health Europe. 2021;11:100235.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Europe"},{"issue":"2","key":"1944_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13116","volume":"149","author":"S Kuriakose","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuriakose S, Sabeena S, Binesh D, Abdulmajeed J, Ravishankar N, Ramachandran A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of self-collected vaginal samples for HPV DNA detection in women from South India. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2020;149(2):219\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1944_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-016-0358-7","volume":"17","author":"DO Yeboah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yeboah DO, Sarkodie YA, Djigma F, Benjamin AH, Abdul L, Simpore J, et al. Self-collected vaginal sampling for the detection of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) using careHPV among Ghanaian women. BMC Womens Health. 2017;17(1):1\u20136.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"1944_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.05.021","volume":"101","author":"PJW Ketelaars","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ketelaars PJW, Bosgraaf RP, Siebers AG, Massuger LFAG, van der Linden JC, Wauters CAP, et al. High-risk human papillomavirus detection in self-sampling compared to physician-taken smear in a responder population of the Dutch cervical screening: results of the VERA study. Prev Med (Baltim). 2017;101:96\u2013101.","journal-title":"Prev Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"1944_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2018.30.110.14321","volume":"30","author":"OK Ajenifuja","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ajenifuja OK, Ikeri NK, Adeteye OV, Banjo AA. Comparison between self sampling and provider collected samples for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing in a Nigerian facility. Pan Afr Med J. 2018;30:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"1944_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1200\/GO.20.00598","volume":"7","author":"JJ Katanga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Katanga JJ, Rasch V, Manongi R, Pembe AB, Mwaiselage JD, Kjaer SK. Concordance in HPV detection between self-collected and health provider-collected cervicovaginal samples using careHPV in Tanzanian women. JCO Glob Oncol. 2021;7:985\u201391.","journal-title":"JCO Glob Oncol"},{"key":"1944_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016970","volume":"98","author":"EL Haile","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haile EL, Cindy S, Ina B, Jean-Pierre BJPV, Sharon R, Lisbeth LR. HPV testing on vaginal\/cervical nurse-assisted self-samples versus clinician-taken specimens and the HPV prevalence, in Adama Town, Ethiopia. Med (Baltim). 2019;98:35.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"1944_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pvr.2020.100198","volume":"9","author":"F Jede","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jede F, Brandt T, Gedefaw M, Wubneh SB, Abebe T, Teka B, et al. Home-based HPV self-sampling assisted by a cloud-based electronic data system: lessons learnt from a pilot community cervical cancer screening campaign in rural Ethiopia. Papillomavirus Res. 2020;9:1001989.","journal-title":"Papillomavirus Res"},{"key":"1944_CR29","unstructured":"OECD guidelines for quality assurance in molecular genetic testing. 2007, p. 1\u201338."},{"key":"1944_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2353\/jmoldx.2010.090067","volume":"12","author":"RM Madej","year":"2010","unstructured":"Madej RM, Davis J, Holden MJ, Kwang S, Labourier E, Schneider GJ. International standards and reference materials for quantitative molecular infectious disease testing. J Mol Diagn. 2010;12:133\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2353\/jmoldx.2010.090067.","journal-title":"J Mol Diagn"},{"key":"1944_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00077","volume":"6","author":"S Gupta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gupta S, Palmer C, Bik EM, Cardenas JP, Nu\u00f1ez H, Kraal L, et al. Self-sampling for human papillomavirus testing: increased cervical cancer screening participation and incorporation in international screening programs. Front Public Health. 2018;6:77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00077.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"58","key":"1944_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97955","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18901","volume":"8","author":"G Abulizi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abulizi G, Li H, Mijiti P, Abulimiti T, Cai J, Gao J, et al. Risk factors for human papillomavirus infection prevalent among Uyghur women from Xinjiang, China. Oncotarget. 2017;8(58):97955\u201364.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"3","key":"1944_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr532","volume":"104","author":"FH Zhao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhao FH, Lewkowitz AK, Chen F, Lin MJ, Ying HuS, Zhang X, et al. Pooled analysis of a self-sampling HPV DNA test as a cervical cancer primary screening method. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104(3):178\u201388.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"1944_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5953-1","volume":"19","author":"AK Eshetu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eshetu AK, Mohammed IA, Difabachew MN, ten Hove RJ, Kumssa TH, Woldu ZL, et al. Burden and genotype distribution of high- risk Human Papillomavirus infection and cervical cytology abnormalities at selected obstetrics and gynecology clinics of Addis. BMC Cancer. 2019;19:768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-019-5953-1.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"1944_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23437","volume":"85","author":"A Ebba","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ebba A, Abrham A, Muntasir EH, Ibrahim EH, Laerence Y, Wude M, et al. Genotyping of human papilloma virus in paraffin embedded cervical tissue samples from women in Ethiopia and Sudan. J Med Virol. 2013;85:282\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1944_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-020-00917-7","volume":"20","author":"A Bakiewicz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bakiewicz A, Rasch V, Mwaiselage J, Linde DS. the best thing is that you are doing it for yourself\u2019\u2014perspectives on acceptability and feasibility of HPV self-sampling among cervical cancer screening clients in Tanzania: a qualitative pilot study. BMC Womens Health. 2020;20(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1944_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1089\/152460902753668466","volume":"11","author":"IG Dzuba","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dzuba IG, D\u00edaz EY, Allen B, Leonard YF, Ponce ECL, Shah KV, et al. The acceptibility of self-collected samples for HPV testing vs. the pap test as alternatives in cervical cancer screening. J Women\u2019s Heal Gender-Based Med. 2002;11(3):265\u201375.","journal-title":"J Women\u2019s Heal Gender-Based Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1944_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4314\/mmj.v30i2.2","volume":"30","author":"A Esber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Esber A, Norris A, Jumbe E, Kandodo J, Nampandeni P, Reese PC, et al. Feasibility, validity and acceptability of self-collected samples for human papillomavirus (HPV) testing in rural Malawi. Malawi Med J. 2018;30(2):61\u20136.","journal-title":"Malawi Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1944_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2012.12.003","volume":"23","author":"IC Scarinci","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scarinci IC, Litton AG, Garc\u00e9s-Palacio IC, Partridge EE, Castle PE. Acceptability and usability of self-collected sampling for HPV testing among African-American women living in the Mississippi Delta. Women\u2019s Heal Issues. 2013;23(2):123\u201330.","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Heal Issues"},{"issue":"7","key":"1944_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-18-1338","volume":"28","author":"M El-Zein","year":"2019","unstructured":"El-Zein M, Bouten S, Louvanto K, Gilbert L, Gotlieb WH, Hemmings R, et al. Predictive value of Hpv testing in self-collected and clinician-collected samples compared with cytology in detecting high-grade cervical lesions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2019;28(7):1134\u201340.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"issue":"5","key":"1944_CR41","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"H Nishimura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nishimura H, Yeh PT, Oguntade H, Kennedy CE, Narasimhan M. HPV self-sampling for cervical cancer screening: a systematic review of values and preferences. BMJ Glob Heal. 2021;6(5):1\u201314.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Heal"},{"issue":"6","key":"1944_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdh240","volume":"15","author":"C Dannecker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dannecker C, Siebert U, Thaler CJ, Kiermeir D, Hepp H, Hillemanns P. Primary cervical cancer screening by self-sampling of human papillomavirus DNA in internal medicine outpatient clinics. Ann Oncol. 2004;15(6):863\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1944_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000243623.67673.22","volume":"34","author":"M Safaeian","year":"2007","unstructured":"Safaeian M, Kiddugavu M, Gravitt P, Ssekasanvu J, Murokora D, Sklar M, et al. Comparability of self-collected vaginal swabs and physician-collected cervical swabs for detection of human papillomavirus infections in Rakai, Uganda. Sex Transm Dis. 2007;34(7):429\u201336.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"1944_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13071640","volume":"13","author":"A Daponte","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daponte A, Michail G, Daponte AI, Daponte N, Valasoulis G. Urine hpv in the context of genital and cervical cancer screening\u2014an update of current literature. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(7):1\u201315.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"}],"container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-022-01944-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12905-022-01944-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-022-01944-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T09:05:19Z","timestamp":1662023119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12905-022-01944-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1944"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-022-01944-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6874"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6874","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 August 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MoSHE) via its National Research Ethics (NRERC) (MoSHE\/04\/246\/832\/21), Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology (ALIPB-IRB\/35\/2013\/21), and further facility-based approval letter was obtained from the City Government of Addis Ababa Health Bureau (A\/A\/H\/6092\/227), St. Paul\u2019s Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHHMC-IRB\/PW\/23\/398), and Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College (07\/21). The objectives of the study were well explained and permission was obtained from selected health facilities to collect data. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Those clients who were volunteer to participate in the study signed Informed consent. All information obtained from study participants was kept confidential, names or personal identifiers were not included in the study. Medical record number was used to trace back the participants if needed.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"360"}}