{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T23:33:04Z","timestamp":1783380784231,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The problem of women and youths living on the street is a global phenomenon. It has created countless problems while they lived on the street; such as unwanted pregnancies, sexual exploitation and prostitution. It is a frequent observation to see women begging on the streets of major cities in Ethiopia having one or two babies by their sides. This study will give an in-depth understanding of the distressing and highly challenging problem among women on the street regarding pregnancy and related problems.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To explore pregnancy and sexual-related problems among women living on the street in Dire Dawa city, Eastern Ethiopia 2021.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A community-based phenomenological qualitative study was conducted at Dire Dawa city. Data was collected from homeless women and Key informants through focus group discussion and in-depth interviews using a semi-structured tool aided by a voice recorder. Data were analyzed thematically using computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software Atlas.ti7. The thematic analysis with inductive approach goes through 6 steps; Familiarization, Coding, Generating themes, Reviewing themes, Defining and naming themes and Writing up.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Women living on the street are more likely to experience physical abuse, sexual harassment, Sexual transmitted infection, unprotected sex and unwanted pregnancy. As a result, the fate of this pregnancy is abortion leads to high risk of getting health complications as most abortions are made in illegal and unsafe ways.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Teen pregnancy, STI, rape and unsafe abortion are the major concerns as it accompanied by their homelessness situation and abusive lifestyles. The regional health bureau needs to understand the extent of problem and plan to organize an awareness creation program on STI, risk of pregnancy and SRH services.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-02006-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T17:11:18Z","timestamp":1667495478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Pregnancy and sexual related problems among women living on the street in dire Dawa City, Eastern Ethiopia, 2021: qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Daniel Tadesse","family":"Assegid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Legesse","family":"Abera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meklit","family":"Girma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mickiale","family":"Hailu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bereket","family":"Tefera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2006_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2005.03424.x","volume":"50","author":"S Savenstedt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Savenstedt S, Haggstrom T. Working with Girls Living on the Streets in East Africa. J Adv Nurs. 2004;50(5):489\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2005.03424.x.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"2006_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X%2898%2900071-8","volume":"23","author":"JMRC Greene","year":"1998","unstructured":"Greene JMRC. Pregnancy among three national samples of runaway and homeless youth. J Adolesc Heal. 1998;23:370\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1054-139X%2898%2900071-8.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Heal"},{"key":"2006_CR3","unstructured":"Mekuria ML. The overall situation of female street children (11\u201318 years) engaged in commercial sex work in Dire Dawa - Ethiopia. University of Oslo; 2004. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10852\/31566."},{"key":"2006_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-12-31","volume":"12","author":"B Megabiaw","year":"2012","unstructured":"Megabiaw B. Awareness and utilization of modern contraceptives among street women in North-West Ethiopia. BMC Women Heal. 2012;12:31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6874-12-31.","journal-title":"BMC Women Heal"},{"issue":"3","key":"2006_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018782205","volume":"21","author":"M Getachew","year":"2020","unstructured":"Getachew M, Amanuel A. Prevalence of Violence Against Women in Ethiopia. NCBI. 2020;21(3):624\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838018782205.","journal-title":"NCBI"},{"key":"2006_CR6","unstructured":"Kiros A. Streetism Onsets, Challenges and Roles Played by Stakeholders to Care the Street Children. IJS. 2016:243\u201353."},{"key":"2006_CR7","unstructured":"Negash K. Strategies S. Street of. Survival strategies of street children and high risk behaviors towards HIV\/AIDS in adama town. Addis Abeba Universty. 2007. http:\/\/thesisbank.jhia.ac.ke\/id\/eprint\/7455."},{"issue":"1","key":"2006_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2010.0210","volume":"3","author":"JDME Wagner","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wagner JDME. Substance use by homeless pregnant mothers. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 1992;3(1):161\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hpu.2010.0210.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"2006_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Edwards B, Guy-walls P, Jacinto G, Franklin R. Findings of a Study Exploring Homeless Street Females in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Need for Community Based Programs. Int J Gend Women\u2019s Stud. 2015. 42\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15640\/ijgws.v3n1a6.","DOI":"10.15640\/ijgws.v3n1a6"},{"key":"2006_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stojadinovic A. Sexual behavior of street children. Med Pregl. 2015; LXVIII (7\u20138): 245\u2013250. https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/47457047\/Sexual_behavior_of_street_children#:~:text=DOI%3A%2010.2298\/MPNS1508245S.","DOI":"10.2298\/MPNS1508245S"},{"key":"2006_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Merga M, Anteab K, Sintayehu M, Bayu H. Challenges in Decision Making Among Homeless Pregnant Teens in Addis. J Pregnancy Child Heal. 2015;2(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2376-127X.1000140.","DOI":"10.4172\/2376-127X.1000140"},{"key":"2006_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1023\/A%3A1027338514930","volume":"33","author":"LLLA Halc\u00f3n","year":"2004","unstructured":"Halc\u00f3n LLLA. Prevalence and predictors of sexual risks among homeless youth. J Youth Adolesc. 2004;33:71\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A%3A1027338514930.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"2006_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-825","volume":"13","author":"AC Misganaw","year":"2013","unstructured":"Misganaw AC, Worku YA. Assessment of sexual violence among street females in Bahir-Dar town, North West Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-13-825.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2006_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.0.0318","volume":"21","author":"M Smid","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smid M, Bourgois P, Auerswald CL. The challenge of pregnancy among homeless youth: reclaiming a lost opportunity. J Health Care. 2010;21:140\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hpu.0.0318","journal-title":"J Health Care"}],"container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-022-02006-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12905-022-02006-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-022-02006-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T17:11:55Z","timestamp":1667495515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12905-022-02006-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-022-02006-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6874"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6874","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 December 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"I confirm that all the study protocols were approved by institutional review board of Dire Dawa University and ethical committee of College of Medcine and Health science. I confirm that all methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. An official letter of permission was sent to LSAA before data collection. Participants were informed about the purpose, benefit, risk, confidentiality of the information and the voluntary nature of participation in the study. Data was collected after informed written consent was obtained from each participant that their data would be included in publications. Confidentiality of the information given and the privacy of the interviewee was highly secured throughout the data collection and the research process.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"For case of minors (those under the age of 18), or \u201cemancipated minors\u201d; I confirm that all the study protocols were approved by institutional review board of Dire Dawa University and ethical committee of College of Medcine and Health science. Informed consent form for those females who are under 18 years of age was obtained from the labor and social affairs agency of Dire Dawa city administration. Because under 18 adolescents need a parent\/ guardian to make a decision with informed consent. Since they are homeless and have no parents, Labour and social affairs agency is the agency that is responsible and working with homeless children as a guardian. Hence, the ethical clearance for those under 18 children is given by labour and social affairs agency of Dire Dawa city administration after the ethics committee of Dire Dawa University approved this procedure and an official letter from Dire Dawa University is delivered to LSAA. The emancipated minors who are homeless without any guardian are allowed to give informed consent under the LSAA. According to FDRE (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia) regulations, Informed Consent to participate is obtained from a legal guardian\/parent, for \u201cemancipated minors\u201d approved by institutional review board of Dire Dawa University.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"NA.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"429"}}