{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T01:36:21Z","timestamp":1792892181328,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009061","name":"Thai Health Promotion Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic drastically affected societies globally, prompting rising unemployment, insufficient household incomes, and stress and undermining\u00a0women's and children's health within families. This study examined family violence and identified influencing\u00a0factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A mixed-method design was used, entailing a questionnaire followed by focus group interviews. A cross-sectional survey was administered to investigate family violence among 1285 female respondents aged 15\u00a0years and above who were recruited through stratified sampling. The\u00a0Cronbach alpha and and inter-raters Kappa coefficient values for the questionnaire were 0.67 and\u00a01.00, respectively. In addition, a descriptive qualitative instrument was employed to analyze the data sets from four focus group interviews held\u00a0with 32 staff members\u00a0from agencies that deal with family violence. The researchers jointly developed the focus group questions, which focused on\u00a0the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on family violence. They independently analyzed data using content analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The majority of the study\u00a0participants were aged above\u00a045\u00a0years (&gt;50%), married (61.1%), lived in single-family\u00a0settings (52.5%), had lost their jobs (64.4%), and had economic constraints that were\u00a0moderate (37.8%)\u00a0to severe (40.6%). The prevalence of family violence, which was primarily physical, was 42.2%. Family income, stress, and substance abuse were the main factors\u00a0associated with family violence. These\u00a0findings were correlated with those\u00a0from the qualitative interviews.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic\u00a0had indirect impacts through family violence. Women were subjected to family violence behaviors, which were associated with household income, economic status, stress, and substance abuse. These behaviors\u00a0included psychological and physical violence, as well as sexual abuse. Future interventions should\u00a0focus on financial support and stress reduction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02440-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T04:02:56Z","timestamp":1685592176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Impacts of COVID-19 on family violence in Thailand: prevalence and\u00a0influencing factors"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Wilai","family":"Napa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nareemarn","family":"Neelapaichit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronachai","family":"Kongsakon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somporn","family":"Chotivitayataragorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umaporn","family":"Udomsubpayakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2440_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/itm\/taaa227","author":"A Wilder-Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilder-Smith A, Osman S. Public health emergencies of international concern: a historic overview. J Travel Med. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/itm\/taaa227.","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2440_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-021-01734-2","volume":"50","author":"V Thakur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thakur V, Bhola S, Thakur P, Patel SKS, Kulshrestha S, Ratho RK, et al. Waves and variants of SARS-CoV-2: understanding the causes and effect of the COVID-19 catastrophe. Infection. 2022;50:309\u201325.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"2440_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/table."},{"key":"2440_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5807056","author":"J Kunno","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kunno J, Supawattanabodee B, Sumanasrethakul C, Wiriyasivaj B, Kuratong S, Kaewchandee C. Comparison of different waves during the COVID-19 pandemic: retrospective descriptive study in Thailand. Adv Prev Med. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/5807056.","journal-title":"Adv Prev Med"},{"key":"2440_CR5","unstructured":"UN Women. COVID-19 and ending violence against women and girls. 2020. https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Headquarters\/Attachments\/Sections\/Library\/Publications\/2020\/Issue-brief-COVID-19-and-ending-violence-against-women-and-girls-en.pdf."},{"key":"2440_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang H. The influence of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on family violence in China. J Fam Violence. 2022;37:733\u201343.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-020-00196-8"},{"key":"2440_CR7","unstructured":"Ariel K, Mayer S, Shah R. Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on family dynamics in economically vulnerable households. BFI working paper. Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics; 2020. https:\/\/bfi.uchicago.edu\/working-paper\/impact-of-the-covid-19-crisis-on-family-dynamics-in-economically-vulnerable-households\/."},{"key":"2440_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen CY-C, Byrne E, V\u00e9lez T. Impact of the 2020 pandemic of COVID-19 on families with school-aged children in the United States: roles of income level and race. J Fam Issues. 2021;43:719\u201340.","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X21994153"},{"key":"2440_CR9","unstructured":"Peterman A, Potts A, O\u2019Donnell M, Thompson K, Shah N, Oertelt-Prigione S, et al. Pandemics and violence against women and children. 2020. https:\/\/www.cgdev.org\/sites\/default\/files\/pandemics-and-vawg-april2.pdf."},{"key":"2440_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-020-00188-8","volume":"37","author":"A Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma A, Borah SB. Covid-19 and domestic violence: an indirect path to social and economic crisis. J Fam Violence. 2022;37:759\u201365.","journal-title":"J Fam Violence"},{"key":"2440_CR11","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Knowledge of violence against women and family members","author":"N Neelapaichit","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neelapaichit N. Analysis of National Survey 2017: Thai domestic violence against women and family members. In: Chotivitayataragorn S, Kongsakon R, editors. Knowledge of violence against women and family members. Nontaburi: Mata Karnphim; 2018. p. 119\u201326."},{"key":"2440_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248587","author":"N Panjaphothiwat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Panjaphothiwat N, Tamornpark R, Apidechkul T, Seeprasert P, Singkhorn O, Upala P, et al. Factors associated with domestic violence in the Lahu hill tribe of Northern Thailand: a cross-sectional study. 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It was approved by\u00a0the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University (ID 04\u201360-55). All participants provided written informed consent\u00a0prior to their\u00a0participation in the study. In\u00a0the\u00a0case of minors\u00a0(aged below 16 years), permission for their participation was sought from their parents\/guardians. The participants' personal\u00a0information was not included in the reporting, and anonymity was maintained.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"This study was sponsored by the ThaiHealth promotion Foundation, Thailand, which may\u00a0have influenced development of a\u00a0proposal for conducting the study\u00a0or the\u00a0results. The authors have disclosed those interests to the\u00a0ThaiHealth promotion Foundation, and have an approved plan for managing any potential conflict arising from this arrangement.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"294"}}