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This study aimed to investigate the relationship of menstrual and reproductive factors with the risk of UL in premenopausal women.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This prospective study included 7,360 premenopausal women aged 22\u201348 years who were part of the Korea Nurses\u2019 Health Study. Information on the menstrual cycle and reproductive history was assessed between 2014 and 2016, and self-reported cases of UL were obtained through 2021. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>During 32,072 person-years of follow-up, 447 incident cases of UL were reported. After adjusting for other risk factors, women with late age at menarche had a lower incidence of UL (\u2265\u200916 vs. 12\u201313 years: HR 0.68; 95% CI 0.47\u20130.99; p for trend\u2009=\u20090.026). The risk of UL was inversely associated with current menstrual cycle length (\u2265\u200940 or too irregular to estimate vs. 26\u201331 days: HR 0.40; 95% CI 0.24\u20130.66) and cycle length at ages 18\u201322 years (HR 0.45; 95% CI 0.31\u20130.67; p for trend\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, each). Parous women had lower risk of UL than nulliparous women (HR 0.40; 95% CI 0.30\u20130.53) and women who were aged 29\u201330 years at first birth had a lower risk of UL than those who were aged\u2009\u2264\u200928 years at first birth (HR 0.58; 95% CI 0.34\u20130.98). There was no significant association of the number of births or breastfeeding with the risk of UL among parous women. Neither a history of infertility nor oral contraceptive use was associated with the risk of UL.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our results suggest that age at menarche, menstrual cycle length, parity, and age at first birth are inversely associated with the risk of UL in premenopausal Korean women. Future studies are warranted to confirm the long-term effects of menstrual and reproductive factors on women\u2019s health.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02447-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T16:01:37Z","timestamp":1686326497000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Risk of uterine leiomyomata with menstrual and reproductive factors in premenopausal women: Korea nurses\u2019 health study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Sihan","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soojin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo Mi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiyoung","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2447_CR1","volume-title":"Women\u2019s gynecologic health","author":"KD Schuiling","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schuiling KD, Likis FE. 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