{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:59:43Z","timestamp":1771037983187,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]],"date-time":"2023-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701475200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]],"date-time":"2023-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Migraine is a typical cripple issue of the brain identified with cerebral pain which is an indication of numerous health conditions. About 18% of women (27 million) and 6% of men (10 million) are afflicted by migraine in the United States. Based on a case-control study, to explore the different risk factors, causing migraine in females and examine the association between risk factors and migraine.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A sample of 1055 individuals were selected in different areas of Lahore from September 2019 to March 2020. The information was obtained by using the direct interview method and questionnaire method. Descriptive analysis, bivariate analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were carried out in data analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among 1055 individuals 740 cases and 315 controls were included. In a binary logistic regression model, physical activities, stress, summer season, menstruation and morning were the risk factors that cause migraine and these were found to be positively significant with the odds ratios and 95% confidence interval of odds ratios (1.399; 1.122\u20131.746), (1.510; 1.187\u20131.922), (1.595; 1.374\u20131.851), (1.513; 1.247\u20131.836) and (1.309; 1.028\u20131.665) respectively. Nausea, isolation and back head pain were caused by migraine and these were found positively significant with the odds ratios and 95% confidence interval of odds ratios(1.290; 1.122\u20131.484), (1.882; 1.617\u20132.190) and (1.285; 1.123\u20131.471) respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Stress, physical Activities and Menstruation increase the risk of migraine but weight loss, Breakfast, lunch, thirst, injury and Second trimester during pregnancy reduce the risk of migraine.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02810-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]],"date-time":"2023-12-02T08:02:07Z","timestamp":1701504127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association between risk factors and migraine in Pakistani females"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Nida","family":"Razzak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hina","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huma","family":"Tariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2810_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8434-y","volume":"264","author":"F Puledda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Puledda F, Messina R, Goadsby PJ. An update on migraine: current understanding and future directions. J Neurol. 2017;264(9):2031\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2810_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-1072-2","volume":"21","author":"CH Gobel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gobel CH, Karstedt SC, Munte TF, Gobel H, Wolfrum S, Lebedeva ER, Royl G. ICHD-3 is significantly more specific than ICHD-3 beta for the diagnosis of migraine with aura and with typical aura. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):2.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain."},{"issue":"12","key":"2810_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-305197","volume":"84","author":"JC Sanderson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sanderson JC, Devine EB, Lipton RB, Bloudek LM, Varon SF, Blumenfeld AM, Sullivan SD. Headache-related health resource utilisation in chronic and episodic migraine across six countries. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84(12):1309\u201317.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"issue":"6","key":"2810_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2011.01900.x","volume":"51","author":"BL Peterlin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peterlin BL, Gupta S, Ward TN, Macgregor A. Sex matters: evaluating sex and gender in migraine and headache research. Headache. 2011;51(6):839\u201342.","journal-title":"Headache."},{"issue":"24","key":"2810_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.932","volume":"301","author":"AI Scher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Scher AI, Gudmundsson LS, Sigurdsson S, Ghambaryan A, Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G, Launer LJ. Migraine headache in middle age and late-life brain infarcts. JAMA. 2009;301(24):2563\u201370.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"9","key":"2810_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.488395","volume":"38","author":"LR MacClellan","year":"2007","unstructured":"MacClellan LR, Giles W, Cole J, Wozniak M, Stern B, Mitchell BD, Kittner SJ. Probable migraine with visual aura and risk of ischemic stroke: the stroke prevention in young women study. Stroke. 2007;38(9):2438\u201345.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"issue":"3","key":"2810_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12501","volume":"55","author":"TM Lateef","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lateef TM, Cui L, Nakamura E, Dozier J, Merikangas K. Accuracy of family history reports of migraine in a community-based family study of migraine. Headache. 2015;55(3):407\u201312.","journal-title":"Headache."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2810_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-013-1387-8","volume":"34","author":"M Leonardi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leonardi M, Raggi A. Burden of migraine: international perspectives. Neurol Sci. 2013;34(Suppl 1):S117\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2810_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-1071-3","volume":"21","author":"A Planchuelo-Gomez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Planchuelo-Gomez A, Garcia-Azorin D, Guerrero AL, Aja-Fernandez S, Rodriguez M, de Luis-Garcia R. White matter changes in chronic and episodic migraine: a diffusion tensor imaging study. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):1.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain."},{"issue":"1","key":"2810_CR10","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"A Negro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Negro A, Sciattella P, Rossi D, Guglielmetti M, Martelletti P, Mennini FS. Cost of chronic and journal of headache and pain. 2019;20(1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Cost of chronic and journal of headache and pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"2810_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.217979","volume":"65","author":"BK Ray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ray BK, Paul N, Hazra A, Das S, Ghosal MK, Misra AK, Das SK. Prevalence, burden, and risk factors of migraine: a community-based study from eastern India. Neurol India. 2017;65(6):1280.","journal-title":"Neurol India."},{"issue":"6983","key":"2810_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6983.830","volume":"310","author":"C Tzourio","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tzourio C, Tehindrazanarivelo A, Igl\u00e9sias S, Alp\u00e9rovitch A, Chedru F, Anglejan-Chatillon J, Bousser MG. Case-control study of migraine and risk of ischaemic stroke in young women. BMJ. 1995;310(6983):830\u20133.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"7175","key":"2810_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7175.13","volume":"318","author":"CL Chang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chang CL, Donaghy M, Poulter N. Migraine and stroke in young women: a case-control study. BMJ. 1999;318(7175):13\u20138.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"9","key":"2810_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102414560634","volume":"35","author":"PM Rist","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rist PM, Buring JE, Kurth T. Dietary patterns according to headache and migraine status: a cross-sectional study. Cephalalgia. 2015;35(9):767\u201375.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia."},{"issue":"13","key":"2810_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318212ab1e","volume":"76","author":"D Bond","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bond D, Vithiananthan S, Nash J, Thomas J, Wing R. Improvement of migraine headaches in severely obese patients after bariatric surgery. Neurology. 2011;76(13):1135\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"1","key":"2810_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-018-0853-3","volume":"19","author":"BE Petrovski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Petrovski BE, Vetvik KG, Lundqvist C, Eberhard-Gran M. Characteristics of menstrual versus non-menstrual migraine during pregnancy: a longitudinal population-based study. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):27.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain."},{"issue":"7","key":"2810_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102410390397","volume":"31","author":"A Milde-Busch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Milde-Busch A, Blaschek A, Heinen F, Borggrafe I, Koerte I, Straube A, von Kries R. Associations between stress and migraine and tension-type headache: results from a school-based study in adolescents from grammar schools in Germany. Cephalalgia. 2011;31(7):774\u201385.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia."},{"issue":"4","key":"2810_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.344.14693","volume":"34","author":"MI Jat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jat MI, Afridi MI, Amar W, Lal C. Prevalence of migraine among patients of depressive disorder. Pak J Med Sci. 2018;34(4):964.","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2810_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420977183","volume":"41","author":"S Schramm","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schramm S, Tenhagen I, Schmidt B, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of migraine and non-migraine headache in older people \u2013 results of the Heinz Nixdorf recall study. Cephalalgia. 2021;41(6):649\u201364.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia."},{"issue":"1","key":"2810_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01250-6","volume":"22","author":"BK Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim BK, Chu MK, Yu SJ, Dell\u2019Agnello G, Han JH, Cho SJ. Burden of migraine and unmet needs from the patients\u2019 perspective: a survey across 11 specialized headache clinics in Korea. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):45.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain."},{"issue":"1","key":"2810_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01183-6","volume":"21","author":"JY Al-Hashel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Hashel JY, Ismail II. Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on patients with migraine: a web-based survey study. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):115.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain."},{"issue":"1","key":"2810_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01243-5","volume":"22","author":"T Shimizu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shimizu T, Sakai F, Miyake H, Sone T, Sato M, Tanabe S, Dodick DW. Disability, quality of life, productivity impairment and employer costs of migraine in the workplace. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):29.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain."},{"issue":"1","key":"2810_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80094-7","volume":"11","author":"S Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim S, Bae DW, Park SG, Park JW. The impact of pain-related emotions on migraine. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):577.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2810_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01191-6","volume":"21","author":"NJ Haw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haw NJ, Cabaluna IT, Kaw GE, Cortez JF, Chua MP, Guce K. A cross-sectional study on the burden and impact of migraine on work productivity and quality of life in selected workplaces in the Philippines. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):125.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain."},{"issue":"1","key":"2810_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01222-w","volume":"22","author":"J Jedynak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jedynak J, Eross E, Gendolla A, Rettiganti M, Stauffer VL. Shift from high-frequency to low-frequency episodic migraine in patients treated with Galcanezumab: results from two global randomized clinical trials. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):48.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain."},{"issue":"12","key":"2810_CR26","first-page":"23","volume":"9","author":"M Kajal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kajal M, Malik M, Kumari R. Correlation of stress with migraine-a review. Int J Curr Res Rev. 2017;9(12):23\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Curr Res Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2810_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01256-0","volume":"22","author":"C Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li C, Li Y, Ma M, Zhang Y, Bao J, Ge W, He L. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on headache symptoms and drug withdrawal among patients with medication overuse headache: a cross-sectional study. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):41.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain."},{"issue":"2","key":"2810_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1783\/147118907780254312","volume":"33","author":"EA MacGregor","year":"2007","unstructured":"MacGregor EA. Migraine in pregnancy and lactation: a clinical review. J Fam PlannReprod Health Care. 2007;33(2):83\u201393.","journal-title":"J Fam PlannReprod Health Care."},{"issue":"1","key":"2810_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01208-0","volume":"21","author":"TJ Steiner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ, Jensen R, Uluduz D, Katsarava Z, The L, Burden: the Global Campaign against, H. Migraine remains second among the world\u2019s causes of disability, and first among young women: findings from GBD2019. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):137.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain."},{"issue":"1","key":"2810_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01192-5","volume":"21","author":"C Tiseo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tiseo C, Vacca A, Felbush A, Filimonova T, Gai A, Glazyrina T, European Headache Federation School of Advanced, S. Migraine and sleep disorders: a systematic review. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):126.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain."},{"issue":"7","key":"2810_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420981739","volume":"41","author":"IE Verhagen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verhagen IE, van Casteren DS, de Vries Lentsch S, Terwindt GM. Effect of lockdown during COVID-19 on migraine: a longitudinal cohort study. Cephalalgia. 2021;41(7):865\u201370.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia."},{"issue":"1","key":"2810_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01262-2","volume":"22","author":"MJ Wilkes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilkes MJ, Mendis MD, Bisset L, Leung FT, Sexton CT, Hides JA. The prevalence and burden of recurrent headache in Australian adolescents: findings from the longitudinal study of Australian children. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):49.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain."},{"key":"2810_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahid M, Sthanadar A, Kaleem M, Latif M, Sthanadar I, Ali P, Sthanadar I, Ismail M, Imtiaz N, Shah M. Prevalence and perceptions about migraine among students and patients in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. Pakistan; 2014.","DOI":"10.4236\/abb.2014.56061"},{"issue":"2","key":"2810_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.5114\/kitp.2018.76480","volume":"15","author":"\u0141J Krzych","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krzych \u0141J, Lach M, Joniec M, Cisowski M, Bochenek A. The Likert scale is a powerful tool for quality of life assessment among patients after minimally invasive coronary surgery. Kardiochirurgia i torakochirurgia polska = Polish J Cardio-Thorac Surg. 2018;15(2):130\u20134.","journal-title":"Kardiochirurgia i torakochirurgia polska = Polish J Cardio-Thorac Surg."},{"key":"2810_CR35","first-page":"971","volume":"14","author":"S Chu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chu S, Wu Z, Wu Z, Wu J, Qian Y. Association between insomnia and migraine risk: a case-control and bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Pharmacogenomics Pers Med. 2021;14:971\u20136.","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics Pers Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2810_CR36","first-page":"160","volume":"22","author":"MR Ahmad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ahmad MR, Pervaiz MK. Risk factors of urinary bladder cancer in Peshawar region of Khyber Pukhtoonkhawa. J Ayub Med Coll, Abbottabad\u202f: JAMC. 2010;22(1):160\u20133.","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll, Abbottabad : JAMC."},{"issue":"8","key":"2810_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.29271\/jcpsp.2020.08.853","volume":"30","author":"T Fatima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fatima T, Iftikhar S, Qureshi IH. Association between hyperuricemia and ischemic stroke: a case-control study. J Coll Physicians Surg--Pak\u202f: JCPSP. 2020;30(8):853\u20136.","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg--Pak : JCPSP."},{"key":"2810_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-84","volume":"15","author":"FH Maniyar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maniyar FH, Sprenger T, Schankin C, Goadsby PJ. The origin of nausea in migraine-a PET study. J Headache Pain. 2014;15:84.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain."}],"container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-023-02810-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12905-023-02810-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-023-02810-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]],"date-time":"2023-12-02T20:01:24Z","timestamp":1701547284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12905-023-02810-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-023-02810-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6874"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6874","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 February 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We confirm that all methods were carried out under relevant guidelines and regulations. We confirm that informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The ethical committee at GC University Lahore, Pakistan approved this research under the reference number GC\/2021\u20132\/PKEDU. Informed consent to participate was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of any participant under the age of 16. Legally Authorized Representatives of illiterate participants provided informed consent for the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"642"}}