{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T12:22:00Z","timestamp":1756383720697},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Women presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding needs careful and thorough assessment including ultrasound examination of endometrium and histopathological assessment of the endometrial tissues. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the rate and the factors associated with inadequate endometrial tissues after endometrial sampling using <jats:italic>MedGyn<\/jats:italic>\u00ae pipette among Bhutanese women at the colposcopy clinic, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital (JDWNRH), Bhutan.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This cross-sectional study was conducted at the colposcopy clinic, JDWNRH, Thimphu between October, 2021 and March, 2022. Women included in this study underwent endometrial sampling using <jats:italic>MedGyn<\/jats:italic>\u00ae pipette without anesthesia as an office procedure. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and results extracted into a structured pro forma. The histopathology reports were extracted from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, JDWNRH using the unique Bhutanese citizenship identity card number of the study participants.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Inadequate endometrial tissues were noted in 27% (33 out of 122 cases). Among 89 patients with an adequate endometrial tissue, histologic results were normal in 30 (33.7%), benign pathology in 22 (24.7%), atrophy in 10 (8.2%), and hyperplasia in 27 (30.3%). In a univariate analysis, menopausal state (OR 1.6, 95% CI 0.708\u20133.765), overweight and obese (OR 1.6 95% CI 0.640\u20133.945), unemployed (OR 1.7, 95% CI 0.674\u20131.140), nulliparous (OR 1.7, 95% CI 0.183\u201315.816), primipara (OR 5.1, 95% CI 0.635\u201340.905) and use of hormonal contraception (OR 2.1, 95% CI 0.449\u201310.049) were associated with increased risk of inadequate endometrial tissues. On multivariate regression analysis, nulliparity (OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.101\u201312.061), overweight and obesity (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.490\u20133.917), use of hormonal contraceptives (OR 2.2, 95% CI 0.347\u201313.889), and junior surgeons (OR 1.1, 95%CI 0.463\u20132.443) were found to be associated with inadequate endometrial tissues. However, the above associations were not statistically significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The rate of inadequate endometrial tissue following endometrial sampling using <jats:italic>MedGyn<\/jats:italic>\u00ae pipette was 27.0%. Factors associated with an increased risk of inadequate endometrial tissue after endometrial sampling were menopausal state, overweight and obese, unemployed, nulliparous, primipara and use of hormonal contraception.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-03047-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T13:02:18Z","timestamp":1712062938000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Rate and risk factors of inadequate endometrial tissues after endometrial sampling among Bhutanese women at the national referral hospital of Bhutan: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Namkha","family":"Dorji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeshey","family":"Dorjey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sangay","family":"Tshering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birendra","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meera","family":"Chhetri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Damanti","family":"Bhujel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"3047_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30939-7","volume":"35","author":"S Singh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singh S, Best C, Dunn S, Leyland N, Wolfman WL, Wolfman W, et al. 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All methods involving human data in this study were performed in accordance with the institutional guidelines or the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed written consent was obtained from all study participants and in case of illiterate participants, informed written consent was obtained from legal representative.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"214"}}