{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:34:27Z","timestamp":1788446067464,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003945","name":"Link\u00f6ping University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003945","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Sexual risk-taking and struggles in managing romantic relationships may put young women with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) at risk of sexually transmitted diseases, unplanned pregnancies, and low relational satisfaction. To gain understanding of sexual behaviors and intimate relationships, this study aimed to identify and describe health care professionals\u2019 (HCPs) perceptions and experiences of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) in young women with ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Qualitative interviews were performed with 16 HCPs. Data was analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Analysis resulted in the themes <jats:italic>Struggling to meet expectations, Sexual risk-taking<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Complex romantic relationships.<\/jats:italic> HCPs\u2019 perceptions and experiences indicated that some women were afraid to be judged in clinical meetings when not living up to perceived expectations of sexual behaviors. Lack of impulse control was interpreted by HCPs to result in risk-taking behaviors leading to both negative and positive sexual experiences. Difficulties in assessing intentions of sexual partners were further perceived by HCPs to sometimes lead to sexual regrets or sexual victimization. The HCPs had experience of women wishing for romantic relationships but described these as being complicated by previous experiences, low self-esteem and conflict. ADHD medication and self-knowledge were perceived by HCPs to facilitate the women\u2019s relationship quality.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study highlights that, from the perspective of HCPs, self-stigmatization and hesitation to raise issues concerning sexuality with HCPs may pose risks for young women with ADHD. It provides insight into sexual risk-taking behaviors, showing the link to regretted sex and sexual victimization. The study concludes that there is a need for HCPs to understand the influence of stigma concerning ADHD and female sexuality as well as how symptoms and outcomes of living with ADHD may impact SRH in order to promote healthy behaviors and relationships in young women.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-03230-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T05:01:47Z","timestamp":1720155707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sexual and reproductive health in young women with ADHD from the view of health care professionals"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8453-2540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"Wallin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siw","family":"Alehagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Hanberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inger Wallin","family":"Lundell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Hultsj\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"3230_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO): Defining Sexual Health-Report of a Technical Consultation on Sexual Health 28\u201331 January 2002. In. Geneva. 2006. DSH layout17.indd (paho.org) Accessed 15 Dec 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-016-0208-3","volume":"9","author":"J Fayyad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fayyad J, Sampson NA, Hwang I, Adamowski T, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Al-Hamzawi A, Kessler RC. The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2017;9(1):47\u201365.","journal-title":"Atten Defic Hyperact Disord"},{"key":"3230_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. Arlington, Va; 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1463-3","volume":"17","author":"MA Katzman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Katzman MA, Bilkey TS, Chokka PR, Fallu A, Klassen LJ. Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):302.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02707-9","volume":"20","author":"S Young","year":"2020","unstructured":"Young S, Adamo N, \u00c1sgeirsd\u00f3ttir BB, Branney P, Beckett M, Colley W, Woodhouse E. Females with ADHD: an expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit\/ hyperactivity disorder in girls and women. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):404.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"3230_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halpern CT, Kaestle CE. Sexuality in emerging adulthood. APA handbook of sexuality and psychology. Person-based approaches. Volume 1. American Psychological Association; 2014. pp. 487\u2013522.","DOI":"10.1037\/14193-016"},{"issue":"2","key":"3230_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-1208.158594","volume":"8","author":"SK Kar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kar SK, Choudhury A, Singh AP. Understanding normal development of adolescent sexuality: a bumpy ride. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2015;8(2):70\u20134.","journal-title":"J Hum Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-020-01698-8","volume":"50","author":"MS Berry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berry MS, Sweeney MM, Dolan SB, Johnson PS, Pennybaker SJ, Rosch KS, Johnson MW. Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Are Associated with Greater Delay Discounting of Condom-protected sex and money. Arch Sex Behav. 2021;50(1):191\u2013204.","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"3230_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.07.774","volume":"55","author":"L Hechtman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hechtman L, Swanson JM, Sibley MH, Stehli A, Owens EB, Mitchell JT, Nichols JQ. Functional adult outcomes 16 years after Childhood diagnosis of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity disorder: MTA results. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;55(11):945\u2013e522.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.09.438","volume":"57","author":"MH Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen MH, Hsu JW, Huang KL, Bai YM, Ko NY, Su TP, Chen TJ. Sexually transmitted infection among adolescents and young adults with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity disorder: a Nationwide Longitudinal Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018;57(1):48\u201353.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"3230_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1912463","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.12463","volume":"2","author":"C Skoglund","year":"2019","unstructured":"Skoglund C, Kopp Kallner H, Skalkidou A, Wikstr\u00f6m AK, Lundin C, Hesselman S, Sundstr\u00f6m Poromaa I. Association of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity disorder with teenage birth among women and girls in Sweden. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(10):e1912463.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"11","key":"3230_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801215593647","volume":"21","author":"JA Snyder","year":"2015","unstructured":"Snyder JA. The link between ADHD and the risk of sexual victimization among College women: expanding the Lifestyles\/Routine activities Framework. Violence against Women. 2015;21(11):1364\u201384.","journal-title":"Violence against Women"},{"issue":"3","key":"3230_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054710361586","volume":"15","author":"DE Babinski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Babinski DE, Pelham WE Jr., Molina BS, Gnagy EM, Waschbusch DA, Yu J, Karch KM. Late adolescent and young adult outcomes of girls diagnosed with ADHD in childhood: an exploratory investigation. J Atten Disord. 2011;15(3):204\u201314.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"3230_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2014.975717","volume":"63","author":"MR Bruner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bruner MR, Kuryluk AD, Whitton SW. Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptom levels and romantic relationship quality in college students. J Am Coll Health. 2015;63(2):98\u2013108.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"3230_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712453483","volume":"19","author":"LE Marsh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marsh LE, Norvilitis JM, Ingersoll TS, Li B. ADHD symptomatology, fear of intimacy, and sexual anxiety and behavior among college students in China and the United States. J Atten Disord. 2015;19(3):211\u201321.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01867-y","volume":"22","author":"K Wallin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wallin K, Wallin Lundell I, Hanberger L, Alehagen S, Hultsj\u00f6 S. Self-experienced sexual and reproductive health in young women with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder a qualitative interview study. BMC Womens Health. 2022;22(1):289.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"3230_CR17","unstructured":"Association of Youth Clinics in Sweden. Handbook for Youth clinics in Sweden. 2018. handbok-24.pdf (fsum.nu) Accessed 15 Jan 2024."},{"key":"3230_CR18","unstructured":"Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions. National Care and intervention program. 2023. https:\/\/www.vardochinsats.se\/adhd\/ Accessed 8 Jan 2023."},{"key":"3230_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2022.100727","volume":"32","author":"AK Klint Carlander","year":"2022","unstructured":"Klint Carlander AK, Thorsell M, Demetry Y, Nikodell S, Kopp Kallner H, Skoglund C. Knowledge, challenges, and standard of care of young women with ADHD at Swedish youth clinics. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2022;32:100727.","journal-title":"Sex Reprod Healthc"},{"issue":"4","key":"3230_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806","volume":"11","author":"V Braun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qual Res Sport Exerc Health. 2019;11(4):589\u201397.","journal-title":"Qual Res Sport Exerc Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"3230_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77\u2013101.","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"key":"3230_CR22","volume-title":"Qualitative research & evaluation methods: integrating theory and practice","author":"MQ Patton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patton MQ. Qualitative research & evaluation methods: integrating theory and practice. 4 ed. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE; 2015.","edition":"4"},{"key":"3230_CR23","volume-title":"InterViews: learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing","author":"S Brinkmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brinkmann S, Kvale S. InterViews: learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing. 3rd ed. Los Angeles: Sage; 2015.","edition":"3"},{"key":"3230_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-1767(85)90062-8","volume-title":"Naturalistic inquiry","author":"YS Lincoln","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lincoln YS, Guba EG. Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage; 1985."},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215824401770179","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244017701799","volume":"7","author":"MEG Holthe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holthe MEG, Langvik E. The strives, struggles, and successes of women diagnosed with ADHD as adults. Sage Open. 2017;7(1):2158244017701799.","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"3230_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.001322012","volume":"64","author":"AL Drapalski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Drapalski AL, Lucksted A, Perrin PB, Aakre JM, Brown CH, DeForge BR, Boyd JE. A model of internalized stigma and its effects on people with mental illness. Psychiatric Serv. 2013;64(3):264\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychiatric Serv"},{"key":"3230_CR27","volume-title":"Health promotion in nursing practice","author":"CL Murdaugh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murdaugh CL, Pender NJ, Parsons MA. Health promotion in nursing practice. New York, NY: Pearson; 2019."},{"issue":"3","key":"3230_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684312467169","volume":"37","author":"TD Conley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Conley TD, Ziegler A, Moors AC. Backlash from the bedroom: Stigma mediates gender differences in Acceptance of Casual Sex offers. Psychol Women Q. 2013;37(3):392\u2013407.","journal-title":"Psychol Women Q"},{"key":"3230_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tholander M, Tour N. The shame of casual sex: narratives of young Swedish women. Women Stud Int Forum. 2022;93.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wsif.2022.102618"},{"issue":"2","key":"3230_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038512441281","volume":"47","author":"D Fallon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fallon D. They\u2019re Gonna think it now\u2019: narratives of shame in the sexual Health experiences of Young people. Sociology. 2013;47(2):318\u201332.","journal-title":"Sociology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3230_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-018-0274-9","volume":"11","author":"TV Masuch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Masuch TV, Bea M, Alm B, Deibler P, Sobanski E. Internalized stigma, anticipated discrimination and perceived public stigma in adults with ADHD. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2019;11(2):211\u201320.","journal-title":"Atten Defic Hyperact Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"3230_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2011.2825","volume":"21","author":"GM Hosain","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hosain GM, Berenson AB, Tennen H, Bauer LO, Wu ZH. Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and risky sexual behavior in young adult women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2012;21(4):463\u20138.","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"3","key":"3230_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712459560","volume":"19","author":"SP Huggins","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huggins SP, Rooney ME, Chronis-Tuscano A. Risky sexual behavior among college students with ADHD: is the mother-child relationship protective? J Atten Disord. 2015;19(3):240\u201350.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"3230_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199958474.001.0001","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of developmental psychology volume 1 body and mind","author":"PD Zelazo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zelazo PD. The Oxford handbook of developmental psychology volume 1 body and mind. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR35","first-page":"e1555","volume":"26","author":"LA Adler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adler LA, Faraone SV, Spencer TJ, Berglund P, Alperin S, Kessler RC. The structure of adult ADHD. IJMPR. 2017;26(1):e1555.","journal-title":"IJMPR"},{"issue":"2","key":"3230_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054718772138","volume":"25","author":"I Marx","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marx I, Hacker T, Yu X, Cortese S, Sonuga-Barke E. ADHD and the choice of small Immediate over larger delayed rewards: a comparative Meta-analysis of performance on simple choice-Delay and temporal discounting paradigms. J Atten Disord. 2021;25(2):171\u201387.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"3230_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-012-9411-y","volume":"27","author":"JW White","year":"2012","unstructured":"White JW, Buehler C. Adolescent sexual victimization, ADHD symptoms, and risky sexual behavior. J Family Violence. 2012;27(2):123\u201332.","journal-title":"J Family Violence"},{"issue":"10","key":"3230_CR38","first-page":"844","volume":"19","author":"DM Gardner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gardner DM, Gerdes AC. A review of peer relationships and friendships in youth with ADHD. JOFV. 2015;19(10):844\u201355.","journal-title":"JOFV"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-017-0146-7","volume":"11","author":"C Fredlund","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fredlund C, Svedin CG, Priebe G, Jonsson L, Wadsby M. Self-reported frequency of sex as self-injury (SASI) in a national study of Swedish adolescents and association to sociodemographic factors, sexual behaviors, abuse and mental health. CAPMH. 2017;11(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"CAPMH"},{"issue":"11","key":"3230_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0165119","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165119","volume":"11","author":"FM Kok","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kok FM, Groen Y, Fuermaier AB, Tucha O. Problematic peer functioning in girls with ADHD: a systematic literature review. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(11):e0165119.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"3230_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/13229400.2016.1269660","volume":"25","author":"SS Hall","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hall SS, Knox D. Perceived relationship power in emerging adults\u2019 romantic relationships. J Fam Stud. 2019;25(4):385\u201396.","journal-title":"J Fam Stud"}],"container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-024-03230-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12905-024-03230-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-024-03230-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T16:02:42Z","timestamp":1720195362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12905-024-03230-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-024-03230-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6874"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6874","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (Ref.no 2019\u201303947) and carried out in accordance with the ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects addressed in the Helsinki Declaration. Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Transcripts were decoded so participants could not be identified. The authors have not disclosed any competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"389"}}