{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T04:10:23Z","timestamp":1726891823392},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>As the use of donor eggs for in vitro treatment has increased, both medically affiliated and private donor egg agencies have turned to online advertisements to recruit donors. The American Society for Reproductive Medicine provides recommendations encouraging ethical recruitment of donors, however there is no formal regulation for the informed consent process for egg donor recruitment and compensation. Underrepresentation of risks and targeted financial incentives may pose a risk to the informed consent process.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Data from online advertisements for egg donors active between January 1 - August 31, 2020, were collected to analyze content related to risks, Covid-19 precautions, donor payment, and desired donor characteristics. Advertisements for egg donors on Google, Craigslist, and social media were analyzed. Primary outcomes included the mention of the risks of egg donation, including the risk of Covid-19 exposure, in donor egg advertisements. Secondary outcomes included language targeting specific donor characteristics and financial compensation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>103 advertisements were included. 35.9% (37\/103) of advertisements mentioned some risk of the egg donation process, and 18.5% (19\/103) mentioned risks or precautions related to Covid-19 exposure. Of advertisements for private donor egg agencies, 40.7% (24\/59) mentioned any risk, compared to 29.6% (13\/44) of medically affiliated egg donation programs; the difference was not statistically significant (p-value\u2009=\u20090.24). Agencies targeting students and donors of a specific race were more likely to offer payments over $10,000 for an egg donation cycle. Among advertisements offering over $20,000 for donor compensation, 72.7% (8\/11) recruited women under the age of 21.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Egg donor recruitment advertisements, for both medically affiliated programs and private agencies, were unlikely to mention risks including the risk of exposure to Covid-19. Non-medically affiliated private donor egg agencies were more likely to violate multiple American Society for Reproductive Medicine ethics guidelines, including offering higher than average compensation, and recruiting donors from young and vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-03302-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T03:38:59Z","timestamp":1726803539000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Informed consent and coercion in recruitment advertisements for oocyte donors"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ruby","family":"Lake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isa","family":"Berzansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Lanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serene","family":"Srouji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Ginsburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Insogna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3302_CR1","unstructured":"Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) DataART: Clinic Information | DRH | CDC. Accessed August 14. 2023. https:\/\/nccd.cdc.gov\/drh_art\/rdPage.aspx"},{"issue":"2","key":"3302_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13590","volume":"45","author":"S Lafuente-Funes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lafuente-Funes S, Weis C, Hudson N, Provoost V. Egg donation in the age of vitrification: a study of egg providers\u2019 perceptions and experiences in the UK, Belgium and Spain. Sociol Health Illn. 2023;45(2):259\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9566.13590.","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"issue":"7","key":"3302_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.09.040","volume":"106","author":"J Daar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Daar J, Benward J, Collins L, et al. Financial compensation of oocyte donors: an Ethics Committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2016;106(7):e15\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.09.040.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"3302_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marshall L. Ethical issues in the Evolving Realm of Egg Donation. In: Francis L, editor. The Oxford Handbook of Reproductive Ethics. Oxford University Press; 2017. p. 0. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199981878.013.21.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199981878.013.21"},{"issue":"2","key":"3302_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60200-3","volume":"17","author":"D Bodri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bodri D, Guill\u00e9n JJ, Polo A, Trullenque M, Esteve C, Coll O. Complications related to ovarian stimulation and oocyte retrieval in 4052 oocyte donor cycles. Reprod Biomed Online. 2008;17(2):237\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60200-3.","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"3302_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2020.08.003","volume":"12","author":"D Tober","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tober D, Garibaldi C, Blair A, Baltzell K. Alignment between expectations and experiences of egg donors: what does it mean to be informed? Reprod Biomed Soc Online. 2021;12:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rbms.2020.08.003.","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Soc Online"},{"issue":"1","key":"3302_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1001\/virtualmentor.2014.16.1.hlaw2-1401","volume":"16","author":"N Cahn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cahn N, Collins J. Fully informed consent for prospective Egg donors. AMA J Ethics. 2014;16(1):49\u201356.","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"3302_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1001\/virtualmentor.2014.16.1.pfor1-1401","volume":"16","author":"KD Krawiec","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krawiec KD. Egg-Donor price fixing and Kamakahi v. American Society for Reproductive Medicine. AMA J Ethics. 2014;16(1):57\u201362.","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"3302_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2012.11.011","volume":"26","author":"HB Alberta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alberta HB, Berry RM, Levine AD. Compliance with donor age recommendations in oocyte donor recruitment advertisements in the USA. Reprod Biomed Online. 2013;26(4):400\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rbmo.2012.11.011.","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"issue":"2","key":"3302_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/jlme.12138","volume":"42","author":"HB Alberta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alberta HB, Berry RM, Levine AD. Risk Disclosure and the recruitment of Oocyte donors: are advertisers telling the full story? J Law Med Ethics. 2014;42(2):232\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jlme.12138.","journal-title":"J Law Med Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"3302_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1162\/152651601317139207","volume":"1","author":"AD Gurmankin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gurmankin AD. Risk information provided to Prospective Oocyte Donors in a preliminary phone call. Am J Bioeth. 2001;1(4):3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/152651601317139207.","journal-title":"Am J Bioeth"},{"issue":"2","key":"3302_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.09.081","volume":"93","author":"NJ Kenney","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kenney NJ, McGowan ML. Looking back: egg donors\u2019 retrospective evaluations of their motivations, expectations, and experiences during their first donation cycle. Fertil Steril. 2010;93(2):455\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.09.081.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"3302_CR13","unstructured":"V RA. Facebook Acquisitions \u2013 The Complete List (2021)! [Infographic] | TechWyse \u2018Rise To The Top\u2019 Blog. https:\/\/www.techwyse.com. Published August 12, 2021. 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Fertil Steril. 2013;100(1):45\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.02.028.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"1","key":"3302_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s40592-015-0018-y","volume":"33","author":"T Freeman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Freeman T. Gamete donation, information sharing and the best interests of the child: an overview of the psychosocial evidence. Monash Bioeth Rev. 2015;33(1):45\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40592-015-0018-y.","journal-title":"Monash Bioeth Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"3302_CR17","first-page":"769","volume":"19","author":"E Blyth","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blyth E, Crawshaw M, Frith L, Jones C. Donor-conceived people\u2019s views and experiences of their genetic origins: a critical analysis of the research evidence. J Law Med. 2012;19(4):769\u201389.","journal-title":"J Law Med"},{"key":"3302_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuchat A. Public Health Response to the Initiation and Spread of Pandemic COVID-19 in the United States, February 24\u2013April 21, 2020. 2020;69(18).","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6918e2"},{"key":"3302_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Resnik D. Bioethical issues in providing financial incentives to research participants. Medicolegal Bioeth. Published Online June 2015:35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/MB.S70416","DOI":"10.2147\/MB.S70416"},{"key":"3302_CR20","unstructured":"Sister CY. Spare Some Eggs? Women\u2019s Health. Published April 27, 2023. Accessed July 26, 2024. https:\/\/www.womenshealthmag.com\/health\/a43621157\/egg-freezing-donation-programs-national-infertility-awareness-week-2023\/"},{"key":"3302_CR21","unstructured":"Guide to Freezing Your Eggs for Free (or Extremely Discounted) \u2014 Freeze. Accessed July 26. 2024. https:\/\/freeze.health\/blog\/freeze-your-eggs-for-free-or-discounted"}],"container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-024-03302-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12905-024-03302-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-024-03302-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T03:39:10Z","timestamp":1726803550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12905-024-03302-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3302"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-024-03302-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6874"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6874","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 September 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The requirement for approval of experimental study and informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of Partners Human Research Committee because of the retrospective nature of the study. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant institutional guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"E.G. received royalties from Elsevier and UptoDate, consulting fees from Teladoc, CRICO, and Atheneum, payment for expert testimony from Hall Matson, Dalton Associates, and Schiller Barnes Maloney, and serves as the chair of the data safety monitoring board NATPRO. The remaining authors report no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"526"}}