{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T04:23:40Z","timestamp":1768969420607,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002386","name":"Cairo University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Domestic Violence is a threatening worldwide problem. Its consequences against women can be dramatic, as it negatively affects women\u2019s quality of life reflected in their general wellbeing including physical, mental, emotional and sexual health, in addition to the economic cost. Both domestic violence and its cost are multidimensional constructs that cannot be directly measured.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study, a latent trait model is used by applying item response theory to measure both domestic violence and its consequent cost via thirty-five observed variables. Accordingly, the study fills a gap in the literature since it is the first attempt to examine the relationship between domestic violence and its consequent cost in Egypt using latent variable modelling rather than simple descriptive statistics. Each construct is considered as a multidimensional latent variable. The overall latent trait model also estimates the relationship between domestic violence and its consequent cost. The effect of a number of socioeconomic covariates on domestic violence is examined within the model. The proposed model is fitted to data from the 2015 Egypt Economic Cost of Gender-Based Violence Survey (ECGBVS) using Mplus software.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study shows that psychological violence is equally important in measuring domestic violence, as physical violence. The cost resulting from domestic violence relies in its measurement both on the reduced quality of life and the monetary cost endured by the violated woman and children. For socioeconomic covariates, it is shown that domestic violence is affected by women\u2019s and husband\u2019s age, educational level, and husband\u2019s occupational status.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Domestic violence is measured by summarizing four forms of violence: physical, psychological, sexual and economic violence, in a single continuous latent variable measuring \u201cDomestic Violence\u201d. Similarly, Cost is measured by summarizing three forms of consequent cost of violence: economic cost, cost on children and cost on women\u2019s quality of life, in another a single continuous latent variable \u201cCost\u201d. Each of these dimensions is measured by a number of aspects, reflecting the multidimensional nature of the variables. The fitted latent trait model ensured the positive relationship between Domestic Violence and its consequent multidimensional cost.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-03465-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T13:55:14Z","timestamp":1733147714000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Measuring domestic violence against Egyptian women and its consequent cost using a latent variable model"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mai Sherif","family":"Hafez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolin Sherif","family":"Mounir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laila Othman","family":"El Zeini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"3465_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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The Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAMPAS) is the organization that conducted the fieldwork and collected data of the Survey of Egypt Economic Cost of Gender- Based Violence Survey (ECGBVS, 2015), in cooperation with United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the National Council for Women (NCW). During fieldwork by the CAPMAS, all participants in the survey gave their informed consent to participate in the data collection. CAPMAS abides to confidentiality of data, according to Egyptian Law number 35, item 403, for the year 1960. Also the World Health Organization\u2019s ethical and safety recommendations for research on violence against women (WHO 2001) were applied in implementing the ECGBVS.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"634"}}