{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T20:36:30Z","timestamp":1793133390852,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-025-03928-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T08:20:15Z","timestamp":1753690815000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Status of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in rural communities of Southeast Nigeria: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2882-5413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uchenna Cosmas","family":"Ugwu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osmond Chukwuemeka","family":"Ene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3928_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2014.03.007","volume":"98","author":"MA Varacallo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Varacallo MA, Fox EJ. Osteoporosis and its complications. Med Clin North Am. 2014;98(4):817\u201331.","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"3928_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. Prevention and management of osteoporosis. (2021). Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/42841\/1\/WHO_TRS_921.pdf. (Accessed on 1 May 2025)."},{"key":"3928_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.11.024","volume":"38","author":"J-Y Reginster","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reginster J-Y, Burlet N. Osteoporosis: a still increasing prevalence. Bone. 2006;38:4\u20139.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"3928_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2269","volume":"29","author":"NC Wright","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wright NC, Looker AC, Saag KG, et al. The recent prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass in the united States based on bone mineral density at the femoral neck or lumbar spine. J Bone Min Res. 2014;29:2520\u20136.","journal-title":"J Bone Min Res"},{"key":"3928_CR5","unstructured":"IOF. Facts and statistics. Cited 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.osteoporosis.foundation\/facts-statistics"},{"key":"3928_CR6","unstructured":"El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Adib G, Nauroy L. The middle East and Africa regional audit, epidemiology, costs and burden of osteoporosis in 2011. Int Osteoporos Found. 2011; 102011\u20135000."},{"key":"3928_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_657_20","volume":"13","author":"H Nourmohammadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nourmohammadi H, Abdan Z, Amin Hashemipour SM, Sarokhani D, Abdan M, Fakhri M, Dehkordi AH. Prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in people over 60 years in iran: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Int J Prev Med. 2022;13:11.","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"3928_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-eular.2980","volume":"73","author":"C Haouichat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haouichat C, Hammoumraoui N, Lehtihet S, et al. SAT0461 prevalence of postmenopausal osteoporosis in Algerian women. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:760.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"3928_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2012.637","volume":"32","author":"M Sadat-Ali","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sadat-Ali M, Al-Habdan IM, Al-Turki HA, et al. An epidemiological analysis of the incidence of osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures among the Saudi Arabian population. Ann Saudi Med. 2012;32:637\u201341.","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"3928_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-012-0092-1","volume":"7","author":"KAS Al-Shoumer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Shoumer KAS, Nair V. Prevalence of low bone mass in postmenopausal Kuwaiti women residents in the largest Province of Kuwait. Arch Osteoporos. 2012;7:147\u201353.","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"key":"3928_CR11","unstructured":"Sharmai SH, Millani F, Alizadeh A et al. Risk factors of osteoporosis in women over 50 years of age: A population based study in the North of Iran. J Turkish German Gynecol Assoc. 2008;9."},{"key":"3928_CR12","first-page":"2271","volume":"33","author":"G Dashti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dashti G, Salamat M, Assi Q, et al. Bone mineral density in women of different age groups in isfahan, Iran in 2013\u20132014. J Isfahan Med Sch. 2016;33:2271\u20138.","journal-title":"J Isfahan Med Sch"},{"issue":"1","key":"3928_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2008.02608.x","volume":"26","author":"EJ Hamilton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamilton EJ, Rakic V, Davis WA, Chubb SA, Kamber N, Prince RL, Davis TM. Prevalence and predictors of osteopenia and osteoporosis in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2009;26(1):45\u201352.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3928_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-3951-1","volume":"28","author":"Y Du","year":"2017","unstructured":"Du Y, Zhao LJ, Xu Q, Wu KH, Deng HW. Socioeconomic status and bone mineral density in adults by race\/ethnicity and gender: the Louisiana osteoporosis study. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(5):1699\u20131275.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"3928_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-020-00872-8","volume":"16","author":"N Fahimfar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fahimfar N, Noorali S, Yousefi S, Gharibzadeh S, Shafiee G, Panahi N, et al. Prevalence of osteoporosis among the elderly population of Iran. Arch Osteoporos. 2021;16:16.","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"key":"3928_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1089\/biores.2016.0045","volume":"6","author":"D Hyassat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hyassat D, Alyan T, Jaddou H, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of osteoporosis among Jordanian postmenopausal women attending the National center for diabetes, endocrinology and genetics in Jordan. Biores Open Access. 2017;6:85\u201393.","journal-title":"Biores Open Access"},{"key":"3928_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04535-8","volume":"22","author":"M Rajabi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rajabi M, Ostovar A, Sari AA, Sajjadi-Jazi SM, Fahimfar N, Larijani B, et al. Direct costs of common osteoporotic fractures (Hip, vertebral and Forearm) in Iran. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22:1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"3928_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afp222","volume":"39","author":"EA Lingard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lingard EA, Mitchell SY, Francis RM, Rawlings D, Peaston R, Birrell FN, et al. The prevalence of osteoporosis in patients with severe hip and knee osteoarthritis awaiting joint arthroplasty. Age Ageing. 2009;39:234\u20139.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"3928_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-130389","volume":"26","author":"M Okumus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Okumus M, Ceceli E, Tasbas O, Kocaoglu S, Akdogan S, Borman P. Educational status and knowledge level of pre- and postmenopausal women about osteoporosis and risk factors: a cross-sectional study in a group of Turkish female subjects. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2013;26:337\u201343.","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil"},{"key":"3928_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-14-35","volume":"14","author":"P Puttapitakpong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Puttapitakpong P, Chaikittisilpa S, Panyakhamlerd K, Nimnuan C, Jaisamrarn U, et al. Inter-correlation of knowledge, attitude, and osteoporosis preventive behaviors in women around the age of peak bone mass. BMC Womens Health. 2014;14:35.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"3928_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-4-17","volume":"4","author":"TM Winzenberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Winzenberg TM, Oldenburg B, Frendin S, Jones G. The design of a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure osteoporosis knowledge in women: the osteoporosis knowledge assessment tool (OKAT). BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2003;4:17.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"3928_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007441477","volume":"10","author":"PR von Hurst","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Hurst PR, Wham CA. Attitudes and knowledge about osteoporosis risk prevention: a survey of new Zealand women. Public Health Nutr. 2007;10:747\u201353.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"3928_CR23","first-page":"349","volume":"12","author":"H Al-Muraikhi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Muraikhi H, Chehab MA, Said H, Selim N. Assessing health beliefs about osteoporosis among women attending primary health care centers in Qatar. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2017;12:349\u201355.","journal-title":"J Taibah Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"3928_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20223556","volume":"10","author":"SS Nelapati","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nelapati SS. Knowledge, attitude, and practice assessment regarding osteoporosis among post-menopausal women attending an urban health centre in South India. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2023;10:270\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"key":"3928_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2024.101642","author":"CU Ugwu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ugwu CU, Ene OC. Prevalence, association and correlation of frailty with sociodemographic and health-related factors among outpatient elderly persons: a cross-sectional study. Clin Epidemiol Global Health. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cegh.2024.101642.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Global Health"},{"key":"3928_CR26","volume-title":"Research methods in education","author":"L Cohen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cohen L, Manion L, Morrison K. Research methods in education. 7th ed. London: Routledge; 2011.","edition":"7"},{"key":"3928_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.4dfb.8dfd","volume":"2","author":"M Tavakol","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tavakol M, Dennick R. Making sence of cronbach\u2019s alpha. Int J Med Educ. 2011;2:53\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Med Educ"},{"key":"3928_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310:2191\u20134.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3928_CR29","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. Washington, DC. 2017."},{"key":"3928_CR30","volume-title":"IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 22","author":"Corp","year":"2013","unstructured":"IBM, Corp. IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 22. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp; 2013."},{"key":"3928_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD","volume":"355","author":"E von Elm","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, et al. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. BMJ. 2007;355:806\u20138.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"3928_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.14196\/mjiri.32.111","volume":"32","author":"P Cheraghi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheraghi P, Cheraghi Z, Bozorgmehr S. The prevalence and risk factors of osteoporosis among the elderly in Hamadan province: a cross sectional study. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2018;32:648\u201352.","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"key":"3928_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-7800.195697","volume":"7","author":"P Behera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Behera P, Gopinathan N, Sen R, Aggarwal S, Khandelwal N, Sen M. Awareness of osteoporosis in postmenopausal Indian women: an evaluation of osteoporosis health belief scale. J Mid-life Health. 2016;7:180.","journal-title":"J Mid-life Health"},{"key":"3928_CR34","first-page":"41","volume":"3","author":"FI Gorial","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gorial FI, Aubaese ND, Husaeen NH. Prevalence and associated factors of osteoporosis in post-menopausal Iraqi women: a cross-sectional two centers study. Int J Mod Biol Med. 2013;3:41\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Mod Biol Med"},{"key":"3928_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12930-014-0015-y","volume":"13","author":"de Silva Ediriweera","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Silva Ediriweera, et al. A descriptive study of knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding osteoporosis among female medical school entrants in Sri Lanka. Asia Pac Fam Med. 2014;13:15.","journal-title":"Asia Pac Fam Med"},{"key":"3928_CR36","first-page":"309","volume":"6","author":"N Goodarzizadeh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goodarzizadeh N, Shahrjerdi A, Najafi M, et al. Effect of diet and lifestyle habits on bone density in postmenopausal women. J Pharm Res. 2013;6:309\u201312.","journal-title":"J Pharm Res"},{"key":"3928_CR37","first-page":"145","volume":"3","author":"N Haq","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haq N, Tahir M, Iqbal Q, Naseem Q. Exploration of osteoporosis knowledge and perception among young women in quetta, Pakistan. J Osteopor Phys Act. 2015;3:145.","journal-title":"J Osteopor Phys Act"},{"key":"3928_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-010-0097-y","volume":"12","author":"DJ Becker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Becker DJ, Kilgore ML, Morrisey MA. The societal burden of osteoporosis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2010;12:186\u201391.","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"3928_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04535-8","volume":"22","author":"M Rajabi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rajabi M, Ostovar A, Sari AA, Sajjadi-Jazi SM, Fahimfar N, Larijani B, et al. Direct costs of common osteoporotic fractures (Hip, vertebral and Forearm) in Iran. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"3928_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1652-8","volume":"23","author":"RB Hopkins","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hopkins RB, Pullenayegum E, Goeree R, Adachi JD, Papaioannou A, Leslie WD, et al. Estimation of the lifetime risk of hip fracture for women and men in Canada. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23:921\u20137.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"3928_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-2730000003374","volume":"58","author":"LD Moreira","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moreira LD, Oliveira ML, Lirani-Galv\u00e3o AP, Marin-Mio RV, Santos RN, Lazaretti-Castro M. Physical exercise and osteoporosis: effects of different types of exercises on bone and physical function of postmenopausal women. Arq Bras EndocrinolMetabol. 2014;58:514\u201322.","journal-title":"Arq Bras EndocrinolMetabol"},{"key":"3928_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.218.149","volume":"218","author":"H Fujii","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fujii H, Noda T, Sairenchi T, Muto T. Daily intake of green and yellow vegetables is effective for maintaining bone mass in young women. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2009;218:149\u201354. Tables.","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-025-03928-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12905-025-03928-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-025-03928-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T23:08:30Z","timestamp":1757286510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12905-025-03928-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-025-03928-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6874"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6874","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The approval for the study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Nigeria Nsukka [Ethical Approval Reference Number: REC\/FE\/2024\/00053]. This was in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The participants consented to the submission of the original article to the journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"366"}}