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However, the relation between\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and severity of menopausal symptoms is a scarcely discussed issue. The present cross-sectional study aims to explore the relation between\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and severity of menopausal symptoms in diabetic women.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Subjects and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study included 150 postmenopausal diabetic women and 150 non-diabetic counterparts.\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection was assessed using a monoclonal enzyme immunoassay\u2013based stool antigen test. Menopausal symptoms were evaluated using the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present study included consecutive 150 diabetic and 150 non-diabetic postmenopausal women. Diabetic women had significantly higher frequency of severe menopausal symptoms (31.3% versus 14.0%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001) and significantly higher frequency of positive\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection (56.0% versus 40.7%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.011). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis identified significant association between BMI [OR (95% CI): 1.09 (1.01\u20131.18),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.022], hypertension [OR (95% CI): 3.97 (1.66\u20139.49),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002], HbA1c % [OR (95% CI): 1.18 (1.02\u20131.36),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.029] and positive\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection [OR (95% CI): 4.09 (1.52-11.0),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005] and severe menopausal symptoms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Postmenopausal diabetic women had higher frequency of\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection which may be related to more severe menopausal symptoms in this population.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-026-04400-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T03:53:43Z","timestamp":1776743623000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relation between Helicobacter pylori infection and menopausal symptoms in diabetic women"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Nessren Mohamed Bahaa El Deen","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noura Ali Ghazy","family":"Zidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Mohammed Foaud","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman Hussein Soliman","family":"Altaweel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neamat Abdelmageed","family":"Abdelmageed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma Saffeyeldin","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally Abdelaziz","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa Abdelaziz Abo Saree","family":"Yassien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa Mohamed Salama","family":"Abdelmaqsoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabah M.","family":"Alkhawagah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shymaa M.","family":"Elattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa M.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moshira Ali Ibrahim","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4400_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2021.05.013","volume":"50","author":"MG Tinajero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tinajero MG, Malik VS. 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PMID: 31332918.","journal-title":"Helicobacter"}],"container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12905-026-04400-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-026-04400-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-026-04400-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:27:28Z","timestamp":1781648848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12905-026-04400-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-026-04400-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6874"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6874","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Protocol of the present study was approved by the ethical committee of Al-Azhar University Faculty of Medicine. All participants provided informed consent in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration on clinical research involving human subjects.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"212"}}