{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T23:45:32Z","timestamp":1785714332218,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":65,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In line with the World Health Organization\u2019s elimination targets, HPV\u2011DNA-based cervical cancer screening is the standard; however, screening uptake remains suboptimal in many settings. To assess, in a centre implementing T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s national cancer screening standards, the relationship between women\u2019s screening status and a Health Belief Model (HBM)-based, 19\u2011item attitude scale; and to provide clear, practice\u2011oriented findings on screening behaviour.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a case-control design, women aged 30-65 years were studied (November-December 2024). A total of 210 participants (1:1 screened vs. not screened) were included. The HBM\u2011based scale and sociodemographic variables were administered. Chi\u2011square tests were used for categorical variables and Mann-Whitney U tests for continuous variables. Scale scores were dichotomised at the median (low\/high), and unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) were calculated from 2\u2009\u00d7\u20092 tables; multivariable logistic regression was additionally used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) controlling for age, education, marital status, employment, and perceived income (two-sided\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Scale scores were significantly higher among women who had undergone screening [median (IQR)]: perceived severity 22(4) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001,\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.339), perceived susceptibility 12(7) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001,\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.314), perceived barriers\/self-efficacy 17(3) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001,\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.355), perceived benefits 19(4) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03,\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.176), and total score 71(9) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001,\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.483). Women with low scores had higher odds of not being screened: severity OR\u2009=\u20093.04, susceptibility OR\u2009=\u20093.33, barriers\/self\u2011efficacy OR\u2009=\u20092.86, total score OR\u2009=\u20094.41 (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001); benefits OR\u2009=\u20091.17 (not significant,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.68). Associations remained significant after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics: low total HBM score aOR\u2009=\u20094.50 (2.46-8.26,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001); low perceived severity aOR\u2009=\u20093.73, low perceived susceptibility aOR\u2009=\u20094.92, low perceived barriers\/self-efficacy aOR\u2009=\u20093.10 (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The HBM\u2011based attitude scale indicates that perceived threat (severity, susceptibility) and barriers\/self\u2011efficacy are strongly associated with women\u2019s screening behaviour; the total belief score discriminates better than individual subscales. Findings support culturally sensitive communication and service arrangements focused on reducing barriers and enhancing self\u2011efficacy to improve screening participation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-026-04582-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T01:43:36Z","timestamp":1780105416000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Health belief model-based determinants of women\u2019s participation in cervical cancer screening: a case-control study from Southeastern Turkey"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2663-8307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ufuk","family":"Acar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1379-1924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feyyaz","family":"Barlas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0417-3588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burcu","family":"Beyazgul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9564-2214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Koruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"4582_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Cervical cancer - Key facts. 5 Mar 2024. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cervical-cancer (Accessed 12 Sep 2025)."},{"key":"4582_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. Geneva: WHO. 2020. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/9789240014107 (Accessed 12 Sep 2025)."},{"key":"4582_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Cervical cancer elimination initiative: Targets 90-70-90 by 2030. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/initiatives\/cervical-cancer-elimination-initiative (Accessed 12 Sep 2025)."},{"key":"4582_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO guideline for screening and treatment of cervical pre\u2013cancer lesions for cervical cancer prevention. 2nd ed. Geneva: WHO. 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240030824 (Accessed 12 Sep 2025)."},{"key":"4582_CR5","unstructured":"Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Public Health (HSGM). Cancer screenings - Cervical cancer screening (ages 30\u201365; HPV\u2013DNA every 5 years). Available at: https:\/\/hsgm.saglik.gov.tr\/tr\/kanser-taramalari (Accessed 12 Sep 2025)."},{"key":"4582_CR6","unstructured":"ICO\/IARC HPV Information Centre. Turkey - Human Papillomavirus and Related Cancers, Fact Sheet 2023. 10 Mar 2023. Available at: https:\/\/hpvcentre.net\/statistics\/reports\/TUR_FS.pdf (Accessed 12 Sep 2025)."},{"key":"4582_CR7","unstructured":"WHO EMRO. Cervical Cancer Awareness Month 2024 - Eastern Mediterranean Region figures. 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Institutional permission was granted by the Sanl\u0131urfa Provincial Health Directorate (16.10.2024, decision 380284). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All procedures complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional standards.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"385"}}