{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:36:12Z","timestamp":1787016972589,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":77,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-026-04584-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T14:27:32Z","timestamp":1780410452000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associated factors of undernutrition among women of reproductive age living with HIV in Mahama Refugee Camp, Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1488-4532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uchechukwu Kevin","family":"Nwanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Suubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owoisinke Victor","family":"Archibong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"4584_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tekelehaimanot AN, Lemma TB, Gudina EK, Getnet M, Amdisa D, Dadi LS. Predictors of Undernutrition and Its Implication toward HIV Continuum Care among Adult People Living with HIV in Jimma Zone Public Hospitals, Southwest Ethiopia: A Mixed Method Study. J Int Association Providers AIDS Care (JIAPAC). 2020;19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2325958220976254.","DOI":"10.1177\/2325958220976254"},{"key":"4584_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Sustainable development goals (SDGs): Goal 3. Target 3.5: Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol [poster]. 2016."},{"issue":"9","key":"4584_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328353f363","volume":"26","author":"X Argemi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Argemi X, Dara S, You S, Mattei JF, Courpotin C, Simon B, Hansmann Y, Christmann D, Lefebvre N. Impact of malnutrition and social determinants on survival of HIV-infected adults starting antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings. Aids. 2012;26(9):1161\u20136.","journal-title":"Aids"},{"issue":"2","key":"4584_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir246","volume":"204","author":"E Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu E, Spiegelman D, Semu H, Hawkins C, Chalamilla G, Aveika A, Nyamsangia S, Mehta S, Mtasiwa D, Fawzi W. Nutritional status and mortality among HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(2):282\u201390.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"4584_CR5","unstructured":"Abgaryan S. Nutritional Knowledge, Attitude and Practices among people living with HIV in Armenia: a cross-sectional survey. Yerevan: School of Public Health, American University of Armenia. 2015."},{"key":"4584_CR6","first-page":"p784740","volume":"20121","author":"S Duggal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Duggal S, Chugh TD, Duggal AK. HIV and malnutrition: effects on the immune system. J Immunol Res. 2012;20121:p784740.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"24","key":"4584_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2007.4327.4338","volume":"10","author":"OO Oguntibeju","year":"2007","unstructured":"Oguntibeju OO, Van den Heever WM, Van Schalkwyk FE. The interrelationship between nutrition and the immune system in HIV infection: a review. Pakistan J Biol Sciences: PJBS. 2007;10(24):4327\u201338.","journal-title":"Pakistan J Biol Sciences: PJBS"},{"key":"4584_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-021-00418-2","volume":"7","author":"BM Nanewortor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nanewortor BM, Saah FI, Appiah PK, et al. Nutritional status and associated factors among people living with HIV\/AIDS in Ghana: cross-sectional study of highly active antiretroviral therapy clients. BMC Nutr. 2021;7:14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40795-021-00418-2.","journal-title":"BMC Nutr"},{"key":"4584_CR9","unstructured":"Sun Movement. Scaling up nutrition: a framework for action. Sun Movement. https:\/\/scalingupnutrition.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-11\/SUN_Framework.pdf. Accessed 1\/1\/2026."},{"issue":"9","key":"4584_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600842","volume":"53","author":"C Rotimi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rotimi C, Okosun I, Johnson L, et al. The distribution of chronic energy deficiency among adult Nigerian men and women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999;53(9):734\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4584_CR11","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"D Osborn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Osborn D, Cutter A, Ullah F. Universal Sustainable Development Goals. Underst transformational Chall developed Ctries. 2015;2(1):1\u201325.","journal-title":"Underst transformational Chall developed Ctries"},{"key":"4584_CR12","unstructured":"World Health Organization. HIV (No. SEA-AIDS-149). WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. 2004."},{"key":"4584_CR13","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO). HIV\/AIDS. 2020. Retrieved from the WHO website https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hiv-aids on Jan 2026."},{"issue":"1","key":"4584_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/23315024231160454","volume":"11","author":"E Ferris","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferris E, Kerwin D. Durable displacement and the protracted search for solutions: promising programs and strategies. J Migration Hum Secur. 2023;11(1):3\u201322.","journal-title":"J Migration Hum Secur"},{"key":"4584_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jelle,M, Seal AJ, Mohamed H, et al. Understanding multilevel barriers to childhood vaccination uptake among Internally Displaced Populations (IDPs) in Mogadishu, Somalia: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 23, 2018 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-16153-1.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16153-1"},{"key":"4584_CR16","unstructured":"Edwards A, Global Forced Displacement Hits Record High. Available online: https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/africa\/news\/stories\/global-forced-displacement-hits-record-high. Accessed in January 2026."},{"issue":"2","key":"4584_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/19376812.2018.1447332","volume":"37","author":"KM DeJesus","year":"2018","unstructured":"DeJesus KM. Forced migration and displacement in Africa: Contexts, causes and consequences. Afr Geographical Rev. 2018;37(2):79\u201382.","journal-title":"Afr Geographical Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"4584_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/16070658.2017.1388559","volume":"31","author":"SN Cumber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cumber SN, Sinyuy G, Tsoka-Gwegweni JM. Migration-related malnutrition among war-instigated refugee children in the northern part of Cameroon. South Afr J Clin Nutr. 2018;31(3):47\u20139.","journal-title":"South Afr J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"4584_CR19","unstructured":"WFP U. Regional overview of food security and nutrition in Latin America and the Caribbean 2020. 2021."},{"key":"4584_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osman AA, Abebe GK. Rural displacement and its implications on livelihoods and food insecurity: the case of inter-riverine communities in Somalia. Agriculture, 2023; 13(7):1444.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture13071444"},{"issue":"17","key":"4584_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015001913","volume":"18","author":"DK Kinyoki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kinyoki DK, Berkley JA, Moloney GM, Kandala NB, Noor AM. Predictors of the risk of malnutrition among children under the age of 5 years in Somalia. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(17):3125\u201333.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"4584_CR22","unstructured":"Iradukunda D, Ngomi NN. Knowledge, attitude and practices towards nutrition and influencing factors among pregnant and lactating women in Kigeme Refugee Camp, Rwanda. 2020."},{"key":"4584_CR23","unstructured":"Obodoruku B. Refugees and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Information Access and Information Services; 2017."},{"key":"4584_CR24","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO biennial report: Rwanda country office 2012\u20132013. 2014."},{"key":"4584_CR25","unstructured":"Rwanda UNHCR. Mahama Refugee Camp Fact Sheet. 2023. https:\/\/www.unhcr.org."},{"key":"4584_CR26","unstructured":"Yamane T. Statistics: an introductory analysis. 1973."},{"key":"4584_CR27","unstructured":"FAO. Minimum dietary diversity for women. An updated guide for measurement. Rome: 2021. Report No.: ISBN 978-92-5-133993-0."},{"key":"4584_CR28","volume-title":"Guidelines for Measuring Household and Individual Dietary Diversity","author":"G Kennedy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kennedy G, Ballard T, Marie Claude D. Guidelines for Measuring Household and Individual Dietary Diversity. Rome: EC-FAO; 2013."},{"key":"4584_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morseth MS, Grewal NK, Kaasa IS, Hatloy A, Barikmo I, Henjum S. Dietary diversity is related to socioeconomic status among adult Saharawi refugees living in Algeria. BMC Public Health, 2017; 17(1): 621.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4527-x"},{"issue":"4","key":"4584_CR30","first-page":"720","volume":"24","author":"CM McDonald","year":"2015","unstructured":"McDonald CM, McLean J, Kroeun H, Talukder A, Lynd LD, Green TJ. Correlates of household food insecurity and low dietary diversity in rural Cambodia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2015;24(4):720\u201330.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"4584_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0126038","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126038","volume":"10","author":"JE Ntwenya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ntwenya JE, Kinabo J, Msuya J, Mamiro P, Majili ZS. Dietary patterns and household food insecurity in rural populations of Kilosa district, Tanzania. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(5):e0126038.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"4584_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.169524","volume":"143","author":"JE Arsenault","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arsenault JE, Yakes EA, Islam MM, Hossain MB, Ahmed T, Hotz C, Lewis B, Rahman AS, Jamil KM, Brown KH. Very low adequacy of micronutrient intakes by young children and women in rural Bangladesh is primarily explained by low food intake and limited diversity. J Nutr. 2013;143(2):197\u2013203.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"17","key":"4584_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015000671","volume":"18","author":"S Henjum","year":"2015","unstructured":"Henjum S, Torheim LE, Thorne-Lyman AL, Chandyo R, Fawzi WW, Shrestha PS, Strand TA. Low dietary diversity and micronutrient adequacy among lactating women in a peri-urban area of Nepal. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(17):3201\u201310.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"4584_CR34","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"J de Dieu Kuradusenge","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Dieu Kuradusenge J, Safari E. Effect of Humanitarian Assistance for Vulnerable Communities on Social Welfare of Refugees in Rwanda: A Case of Mahama Refugee Camp. J Public Policy Gov. 2023;7(2):1\u201313.","journal-title":"J Public Policy Gov"},{"key":"4584_CR35","volume-title":"Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey (SENS) Guidelines for Refugee Populations","author":"44. UNHCR","year":"2013","unstructured":"44. UNHCR. Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey (SENS) Guidelines for Refugee Populations. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; 2013."},{"key":"4584_CR36","volume-title":"Comprehensive food security and vulnerability analysis (CFSVA) in refugee settings","author":"World Food Programme","year":"2021","unstructured":"World Food Programme. Comprehensive food security and vulnerability analysis (CFSVA) in refugee settings. Rome: World Food Programme; 2021."},{"key":"4584_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7950-3","volume":"19","author":"NR Sahyoun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sahyoun NR, Jamaluddine Z, Choufani J, et al. A mixed-methods evaluation of community-based healthy kitchens as social enterprises for refugee women. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:1590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7950-3.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"4584_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1080\/09614524.2019.1630369","volume":"29","author":"S Dehnavi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dehnavi S, S\u00fc\u00df V. Urban agriculture towards food security of Syrian refugees and vulnerable Lebanese host communities. Dev Pract. 2019;29(5):635\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09614524.2019.1630369.","journal-title":"Dev Pract"},{"key":"4584_CR39","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Improving the Nutrition of Syrian Refugees and Host Communities through Garden Walls; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy, 2016; Available online: https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/lebanon\/improving-nutrition-syrian-refugees-and-host-communities-through-garden-walls. Accessed on January 2026."},{"issue":"1","key":"4584_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0210814","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210814","volume":"14","author":"N Ibrahim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ibrahim N, Honein-AbouHaidar G, Jomaa L. Perceived impact of community kitchens on the food security of Syrian refugees and kitchen workers in Lebanon: Qualitative evidence in a displacement context. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(1):e0210814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210814.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"4584_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030522","volume":"14","author":"C Nisbet","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nisbet C, Lestrat KE, Vatanparast H. Food security interventions among refugees around the globe: a scoping review. Nutrients. 2022;14(3):522.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"4584_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13040417","volume":"13","author":"R Rahman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rahman R, Afrouse F, Pulak MS, Karim MR, Haque M, Ali MA. Examining the Impact of Food Security and Accessibility to Healthcare Services on Chronic Disease Risk Among Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. Healthc (Basel). 2025;13(4):417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare13040417 . PMID: 39997292; PMCID: PMC11854946.","journal-title":"Healthc (Basel)"},{"issue":"10","key":"4584_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001320","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001320","volume":"9","author":"CS Grijalva-Eternod","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grijalva-Eternod CS, Wells JC, Cortina-Borja M, Salse-Ubach N, Tondeur MC, Dolan C, Meziani C, Wilkinson C, Spiegel P, Seal AJ. The double burden of obesity and malnutrition in a protracted emergency setting: a cross-sectional study of Western Sahara refugees. PLoS Med. 2012;9(10):e1001320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001320 . Epub 2012 Oct 2. PMID: 23055833; PMCID: PMC3462761.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4584_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2020.0106","volume":"5","author":"FM Karaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karaki FM, Alani O, Tannoury M, Ezzeddine FL, Snyder RE, Waked AN, Attieh Z. Noncommunicable Disease and Health Care-Seeking Behaviour Among Urban Camp-Dwelling Syrian Refugees in Lebanon: A Preliminary Investigation. Health Equity. 2021;5(1):261\u20139. 2020.0106. PMID: 34095705; PMCID: PMC8175260.","journal-title":"Health Equity"},{"issue":"5","key":"4584_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmac051","volume":"13","author":"J Khuri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khuri J, Wang Y, Holden K, Fly AD, Mbogori T, Mueller S, Kandiah J, Zhang M. Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status among Refugees in Host Countries: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr. 2022;13(5):1846\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/advances\/nmac051 . PMID: 35561746; PMCID: PMC9526844.","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"}],"container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12905-026-04584-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-026-04584-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-026-04584-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:01:51Z","timestamp":1787014911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12905-026-04584-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-026-04584-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6874"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6874","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The University of Rwanda\u2019s College of Medicine and Health Sciences Institution Review Board granted ethical clearance (CMHS\/IRB\/539\/2023). The Ministry in Charge of Emergency Management (MINEMA) granted additional approval with reference (1882\/MINEMA\/SPIU\/22). Participants were permitted to leave the study if they felt uncomfortable. For young ladies under the age of eighteen, written informed consent was acquired from their parents, guardians, or caretakers. Additionally, the women who were older than eighteen gave their approval. The lead investigator kept these permission forms confidential. To provide complete secrecy and identify study participants, the researchers employed numbers. This study followed the ethical declaration of Helsinki (1964).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"406"}}