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The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of (pre)malignant cervical disease and related sociodemographic characteristics in women who are tested and\/or referred by the GP before reaching the eligible age (30 years) for participation in the first round of PBS for cervical cancer in the northern Netherlands.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A linkage was performed between the Lifelines cohort (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200988439 women) and the Dutch nationwide pathology databank (Palga). Data on cervical test records and sociodemographics such as socio-economic status and smoking status were retrieved and analysed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cervical test record before the first round of PBS was reported for 6301 women. Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia grade 2 or higher (CIN2+) was diagnosed in 198 (3.1%) women. CIN2\u2009+\u2009was associated with low educational level (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1\u20132.4), ex-smoking (aOR 1.8, 95%CI 1.2\u20132.9) and current smoking (aOR 2.7, 95%CI 1.9\u20133.8).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within women tested and\/or referred by the GP before the eligible age for the Dutch cervical cancer PBS, 3.1% was diagnosed with CIN2+. Higher odds of CIN2\u2009+\u2009for women with a low educational level and women who (used to) smoke should be taken along in clinical decision making towards testing and referral.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-026-04598-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T04:36:07Z","timestamp":1781152567000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Young women with (pre)malignant cervical disease in northern Netherlands: what characterises them \u2013 A population-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Marjolein","family":"Dieleman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin M.","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert G.","family":"Siebers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bea A.","family":"Wisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ed","family":"Schuuring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha D.","family":"Esajas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daan","family":"Brandenbarg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia W. 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