{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T23:37:57Z","timestamp":1778542677619,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]],"date-time":"2018-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533254400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201508230118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201508230118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017M620124;2018T110320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M620124;2018T110320"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Doctoral Program Foundation of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University of China","award":["XDB-2016-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB-2016-10"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Program Foundation of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University of China","award":["601038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["601038"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C201444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C201444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Altern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2298-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]],"date-time":"2018-08-03T14:28:36Z","timestamp":1533306516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge repairs intestinal mucosal injury induced by LPS in mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7877-8328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yizhe","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiuju","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengzhu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2298_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2017.1343143","volume":"11","author":"M Vancamelbeke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vancamelbeke M, Vermeire S. The intestinal barrier: a fundamental role in health and disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;11(9):821\u201334.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2298_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2007.09.039","volume":"143","author":"T Waseem","year":"2008","unstructured":"Waseem T, Duxbury M, Ito H, Ashley SW, Robinson MK. Exogenous ghrelin modulates release of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated macrophages through distinct signaling pathways. Surgery. 2008;143(3):334\u201342.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"2298_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2016.1236100","volume":"31","author":"K Guo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guo K, He X, Lu D, Zhang Y, Li X, Yan Z, Qin B. Cycloartane-type triterpenoids from Astragalus hoantchy French. Nat Prod Res. 2017;31(3):314\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Prod Res"},{"key":"2298_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8746349","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8746349","volume":"2018","author":"XQ Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang XQ, Wang L, Tu YC, Zhang YC. Traditional Chinese medicine for refractory nephrotic syndrome: strategies and promising treatments. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018;2018:8746349.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2298_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2013.1959","volume":"43","author":"GD Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim GD, Oh J, Park HJ, Bae K, Lee SK. Magnolol inhibits angiogenesis by regulating ROS-mediated apoptosis and the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway in mES\/EB-derived endothelial-like cells. Int J Oncol. 2013;43(2):600\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"2298_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.12.019","volume":"340","author":"H Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li H, Wang P, Huang F, Jin J, Wu H, Zhang B, Wang Z, Shi H, Wu X. Astragaloside IV protects blood-brain barrier integrity from LPS-induced disruption via activating Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2018;340:58\u201366.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2298_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4737","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5140","volume":"13","author":"K Cui","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cui K, Zhang S, Jiang X, Xie W. Novel synergic antidiabetic effects of Astragalus polysaccharides combined with Crataegus flavonoids via improvement of islet function and liver metabolism. Mol Med Rep. 2016;13(6):4737\u201344.","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2298_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216672750","volume":"242","author":"Y Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Y, Chen Y, Du H, Yang J, Ming K, Song M, Liu J. Comparison of the anti-duck hepatitis a virus activities of phosphorylated and sulfated Astragalus polysaccharides. Exp Biol Med. 2017;242(3):344\u201353.","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2298_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4837","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13596","volume":"8","author":"Y Cao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cao Y, Shen T, Huang X, Lin Y, Chen B, Pang J, Li G, Wang Q, Zohrabian S, Duan C, et al. Astragalus polysaccharide restores autophagic flux and improves cardiomyocyte function in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Oncotarget. 2017;8(3):4837\u201348.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"11","key":"2298_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1341518","volume":"63","author":"X Zhu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhu X, Liu S, Zhou J, Wang H, Fu R, Wu X, Wang J, Lu F. Effect of Astragalus polysaccharides on chronic atrophic gastritis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in rats. Drug Res. 2013;63(11):597\u2013602.","journal-title":"Drug Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2298_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-8552","volume":"66","author":"CH Cho","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cho CH, Mei QB, Shang P, Lee SS, So HL, Guo X, Li Y. Study of the gastrointestinal protective effects of polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis in rats. Planta Med. 2000;66(4):348\u201351.","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"2298_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34136","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34136","volume":"6","author":"D Dai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dai D, Gao Y, Chen J, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Xu F. Time-resolved metabolomics analysis of individual differences during the early stage of lipopolysaccharide-treated rats. Sci Rep. 2016;6:34136.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2298_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(93)90038-H","volume":"55","author":"MJ Nabuurs","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nabuurs MJ, Hoogendoorn A, van der Molen EJ, van Osta AL. Villus height and crypt depth in weaned and unweaned pigs, reared under various circumstances in the Netherlands. Res Vet Sci. 1993;55(1):78\u201384.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2298_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425916648223","volume":"22","author":"K Xiao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xiao K, Cao ST, le F J, Lin FH, Wang L, Hu CH. Anemonin improves intestinal barrier restoration and influences TGF-beta1 and EGFR signaling pathways in LPS-challenged piglets. Innate Immun. 2016;22(5):344\u201352.","journal-title":"Innate Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"2298_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00012.2006","volume":"87","author":"AT Blikslager","year":"2007","unstructured":"Blikslager AT, Moeser AJ, Gookin JL, Jones SL, Odle J. Restoration of barrier function in injured intestinal mucosa. Physiol Rev. 2007;87(2):545\u201364.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2298_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508911612","volume":"100","author":"Y Liu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Liu Y, Huang J, Hou Y, Zhu H, Zhao S, Ding B, Yin Y, Yi G, Shi J, Fan W. Dietary arginine supplementation alleviates intestinal mucosal disruption induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in weaned pigs. Br J Nutr. 2008;100(3):552\u201360.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"2298_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007399","volume":"122","author":"IP Oswald","year":"2001","unstructured":"Oswald IP, Dozois CM, Barlagne R, Fournout S, Johansen MV, Bogh HO. Cytokine mRNA expression in pigs infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Parasitology. 2001;122(Pt 3):299\u2013307.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2298_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9322-y","volume":"52","author":"KP Reddy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Reddy KP, Markowitz JE, Ruchelli ED, Baldassano RN, Brown KA. Lamina propria and circulating interleukin-8 in newly and previously diagnosed pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52(2):365\u201372.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2298_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen J, Gong C, Mao H, Li Z, Fang Z, Chen Q, Lin M, Jiang X, Hu Y, Wang W et al: E2F1\/SP3\/STAT6 axis is required for IL-4-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of colorectal cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2018;53(2):567\u201378.","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2018.4429"},{"issue":"3","key":"2298_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.06.129","volume":"490","author":"HM Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu HM, Liao JF, Lee TY. Farnesoid X receptor agonist GW4064 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced ileocolitis through TLR4\/MyD88 pathway related mitochondrial dysfunction in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017;490(3):841\u20138.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"8","key":"2298_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2017.03.012","volume":"49","author":"M Allocca","year":"2017","unstructured":"Allocca M, Bonifacio C, Fiorino G, Spinelli A, Furfaro F, Balzarini L, Bonovas S, Danese S. Efficacy of tumour necrosis factor antagonists in stricturing Crohn's disease: a tertiary center real-life experience. Dig Liver Dis. 2017;49(8):872\u20137.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"2298_CR22","unstructured":"Collins JT, Bhimji SS: Anatomy, Abdomen, Small Intestine. In: StatPearls. edn. Treasure Island (FL); 2017."},{"issue":"6","key":"2298_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2017.03.037","volume":"52","author":"CJ Greig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Greig CJ, Cowles RA. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors participate in small intestinal mucosal homeostasis. J Pediatr Surg. 2017;52(6):1031\u20134.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2298_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-012-1295-x","volume":"45","author":"Y Hou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hou Y, Wang L, Yi D, Ding B, Yang Z, Li J, Chen X, Qiu Y, Wu G. N-acetylcysteine reduces inflammation in the small intestine by regulating redox, EGF and TLR4 signaling. Amino Acids. 2013;45(3):513\u201322.","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2298_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.01.044","volume":"199","author":"HQ Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin HQ, Gong AG, Wang HY, Duan R, Dong TT, Zhao KJ, Tsim KW. Danggui Buxue tang (Astragali Radix and Angelicae Sinensis Radix) for menopausal symptoms: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017;199:205\u201310.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2298_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2013.1074","volume":"6","author":"WM Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang WM, Liang YQ, Tang LJ, Ding Y, Wang XH. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Astragalus polysaccharide on EA.hy926 cells. Exp Ther Med. 2013;6(1):199\u2013203.","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2298_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2012.09.006","volume":"14","author":"X Du","year":"2012","unstructured":"Du X, Zhao B, Li J, Cao X, Diao M, Feng H, Chen X, Chen Z, Zeng X. Astragalus polysaccharides enhance immune responses of HBV DNA vaccination via promoting the dendritic cell maturation and suppressing Treg frequency in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2012;14(4):463\u201370.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"45","key":"2298_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5669","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.5669","volume":"15","author":"SS Dang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dang SS, Jia XL, Song P, Cheng YA, Zhang X, Sun MZ, Liu EQ. Inhibitory effect of emodin and Astragalus polysaccharide on the replication of HBV. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(45):5669\u201373.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2298_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.07.250","volume":"70","author":"M Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang M, Lin HB, Gong S, Chen PY, Geng LL, Zeng YM, Li DY. Effect of Astragalus polysaccharides on expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and NFATc4 in a rat model of experimental colitis. Cytokine. 2014;70(2):81\u20136.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2298_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557515666150227113431","volume":"15","author":"K Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang K, Pugliese M, Pugliese A, Passantino A. Biological active ingredients of traditional Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus on treatment of diabetes: a systematic review. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2015;15(4):315\u201329.","journal-title":"Mini Rev Med Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2298_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1828-7","volume":"17","author":"S Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun S, Yang S, Dai M, Jia X, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Mao Y. The effect of Astragalus polysaccharides on attenuation of diabetic cardiomyopathy through inhibiting the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways in high glucose -stimulated H9C2 cells. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):310.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2298_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i11.3175","volume":"22","author":"HM Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao HM, Wang Y, Huang XY, Huang MF, Xu R, Yue HY, Zhou BG, Huang HY, Sun QM, Liu DY. Astragalus polysaccharide attenuates rat experimental colitis by inducing regulatory T cells in intestinal Peyer's patches. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(11):3175\u201385.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-018-2298-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12906-018-2298-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-018-2298-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T06:00:34Z","timestamp":1751781634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12906-018-2298-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-018-2298-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All the experimental procedures were approved by and conducted in accordance with Principles of Laboratory Animal Care and according to the rules and ethics set forth by the Ethical Committee of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"230"}}