{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T03:29:24Z","timestamp":1778642964642,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]],"date-time":"2018-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Land-O-LAKES Inc","award":["14-KFI-C-G-1160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14-KFI-C-G-1160"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1087623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1087623"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Altern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2379-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]],"date-time":"2018-12-07T13:43:59Z","timestamp":1544190239000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Fortification of Carica papaya fruit seeds to school meal snacks may aid Africa mass deworming programs: a preliminary survey"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Kugo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Keter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Maiyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Kinyua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Ndemwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Maina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Otieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. M.","family":"Songok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2379_CR1","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Control of tropical disease","author":"WHO","year":"1998","unstructured":"WHO, Control of tropical disease (1998) world health organization: Geneva. p. 201."},{"key":"2379_CR2","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Parasitic and infectious diseases","author":"DW Crompton","year":"1994","unstructured":"Crompton DW. Ascaris lumbricoides. In: Scott ME, Smith G, editors. Parasitic and infectious diseases. London and New York: Academic Press; 1994. p. 175\u201396."},{"key":"2379_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.470","volume":"58","author":"RA Oberhelman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Oberhelman RA, Guerrero ES, Fernandez ML, Silio M, Mercado D, Comiskey N, et al. Correlations between intestinal parasitosis, physical growth, and psychomotor development among infants and children from rural Nicaragua. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;58:470\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2379_CR4","first-page":"716","volume":"16","author":"HT Le","year":"2007","unstructured":"Le HT, Brouwer ID, Verhoef H, Nguyen KC, Kok FJ. Anemia and intestinal parasite infection in school children in rural Vietnam. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16:716\u201323.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2379_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2007.00127.x","volume":"4","author":"A Hall","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hall A, Hewitt G, Tuffrey V, de Silva N. A review and meta-analysis of the impact of intestinal worms on child growth and nutrition. Matern Child Nutr. 2008;4(Suppl 1):118\u2013236.","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"2379_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000126","volume":"2","author":"M Albonico","year":"2008","unstructured":"Albonico M, Allen H, Chitsulo L, Engels D, Gabrielli AF, Savioli L. Controlling soil-transmitted helminthiasis in preschool-age children through preventive chemotherapy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008;2:e126.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2379_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.6.2674","volume":"97","author":"JA Dent","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dent JA, Smith MM, Vassilatis DK, Avery L. The genetics of ivermectin resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A. 2000;97:2674\u20139.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A"},{"key":"2379_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000517","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000517","volume":"5","author":"SM Williamson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Williamson SM, Robertson AP, Brown L, Williams T, Woods DJ, Martin RJ, et al. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum: formation of two distinct drug targets by varying the relative expression levels of two subunits. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5:e1000517.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2379_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3943-4","volume":"113","author":"OM Abou Shady","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abou Shady OM, Basyoni MM, Mahdy OA, Bocktor NZ. The effect of preziquantel and Carica papaya seeds on hymenolepis nana infection in mice using scanning electron microscope. Parasitol Res. 2014;113:2827\u201336.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"2379_CR10","unstructured":"Robinson, P., Seeds of Carica papaya for mass treatment against Ascariasis. Indian Journal of Child Health, 1958. I 7, : p. 815\u2013817."},{"key":"2379_CR11","first-page":"96","volume":"8","author":"PVD Fernando","year":"1959","unstructured":"Fernando PVD. Preliminary investigation of Carica papaya seeds as a vermifuge. Indian Journal of Child Health. 1959;8:96\u2013100.","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Child Health"},{"key":"2379_CR12","first-page":"551","volume":"20","author":"MK Krishnakumari","year":"1960","unstructured":"Krishnakumari MK. Studies on anthelmintic activities of seeds of Carica papaya Linn. Annals of Biochemistry and Experimental Medicine. 1960;20:551\u20136.","journal-title":"Annals of Biochemistry and Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"2379_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(01)00077-2","volume":"57","author":"R Kermanshai","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kermanshai R, McCarry BE, Rosenfeld J, Summers PS, Weretilnyk E, Sorger GJ. Benzyl isothiocyanate is the chief or sole anthelmintic in papaya seed extracts. Phytochemistry. 2001;57:427\u201335.","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2379_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2005.065","volume":"10","author":"JA Okeniyi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Okeniyi JA, Ogunlensi AT, Oyelami AO, Adeyemi AL. Effectiveness of dried Carica papaya seeds against human intestinal parasitosis: a pilot study. J Med Food. 2007;10:194\u20136.","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"issue":"8","key":"2379_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0702-z","volume":"8","author":"B Speich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Speich B, Ali SM, et al. Quality control in the diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides using the Kato-Katz technique: experience from three randomised controlled trials. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8(8):82. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-015-0702-z\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2379_CR16","unstructured":"World Food Program (WFP). Fill the cup: turning hunger into hope for millions of children \n                    https:\/\/www.wfp.org\/node\/222\n                    \n                  ."},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"2379_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.94","volume":"68","author":"AM Kwena","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kwena AM, Terlouw DJ, de Vlas SJ, Phillips-Howard PA, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, et al. Prevalence and severity of malnutrition in pre-school children in a rural area of western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;68(4 Suppl):94\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2379_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0560","volume":"90","author":"PS Suchdev","year":"2014","unstructured":"Suchdev PS, Davis SM, Bartoces M, Ruth LJ, Worrell CM, Kanyi H, et al. Soil-transmitted helminth infection and nutritional status among urban slum children in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90:299\u2013305.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2379_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.08.005","volume":"103","author":"M Nichto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nichto M, Geissler PW, Mubila L, Friis H, Oslen A. The effect of iron and multi micronutrient supplementation on Ascaris lumbricoides reinfection among Zambian schoolchildren. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;103:229\u201336.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2379_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0651","volume":"85","author":"T Tran","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tran T, Pattanee W, Marjoleine A, Nguyen C, Emorn W, Frank T. Decreased parasite load and improved cognitive outcomes caused by deworming and consumption of multi-micronutrient fortified biscuits in rural Vietnamese schoolchildren. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;85:333\u201340.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2379_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62126-6","volume":"381","author":"S Awasthi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Awasthi S, Peto R, Read S, Richards SM, Pande V, Bundy D. DEVTA (deworming and enhanced vitamin a) team population deworming every 6 months with albendazole in 1 million pre-school children in North India: DEVTA, a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2013;381:1478\u201386.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2379_CR22","first-page":"CD000371","volume":"7","author":"DC Taylor-Robinson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Taylor-Robinson DC, Maayan N, Soares-Weiser K, Donegan S, Garner P. Deworming drugs for soil-transmitted intestinal worms in children: effects on nutritional indicators. hemoglobin and school performance Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;7:CD000371.","journal-title":"hemoglobin and school performance Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2379_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1996.tb00110.x","volume":"39","author":"R Gordani","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gordani R, Cardenas ML, Moulin-Traffort J, R\u00e9gli P. Fungicidal activity of latex sap from Carica papaya and antifungal effect of D+glucosamine on candida albicans growth. Mycoses. 1996;39:103\u201310.","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2379_CR24","first-page":"8","volume":"20","author":"S Bautista-Ba\u00f1os","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bautista-Ba\u00f1os S, Barrera-Necha LL, Bravo-Luna I, Bermudes-Torres L. Antifungal activity of leaf and stem extracts from various plant species on the incidence of Colletotrichum gloesporoides of papaya and mango fruit after storage. Rev Mex Fitopatol. 2002;20:8\u201312.","journal-title":"Rev Mex Fitopatol"},{"key":"2379_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.99019","volume":"73","author":"O Singh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Singh O, Ali M. Phytochemical and antifungal profiles of the seeds of Carica papaya L. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2011;73:447.","journal-title":"Indian J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2379_CR26","unstructured":"Sapaat A, Satrija F, Mahsol HH, Ahmad AH. Antihelminthic activity of papaya seeds on Hymenolepis diminuta infections in rats. Trop Biomed. 2012;29:508."}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-018-2379-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12906-018-2379-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-018-2379-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T11:17:08Z","timestamp":1589455028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12906-018-2379-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-018-2379-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 June 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 November 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Kenya Medical Research Institute, Ethical Review Committee on 18th June13, 2013 (Ref KEMRI SSC 2580) and an annual renewal sought and approved on 16th September 2014 until July 2016. Written informed consent for the study and ensuring dissemination of the study results was received from all parents and guardians of participating children.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"327"}}