{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:01:57Z","timestamp":1792155717152,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Innovation of Modern Agricultural Project"},{"name":"the Project of Backbone of Young Teachers in Domestic Universities of Shandong Province"},{"name":"the Agricultural Science and Technology Program for Innovation Team on Minor Grain Nutrition and Function, CAAS."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Altern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2455-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T14:04:03Z","timestamp":1549980243000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Improved antibacterial effects of alkali-transformed saponin from quinoa husks against halitosis-related bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiushi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2438-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guixing","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2455_CR1","first-page":"297","volume":"12","author":"EA Akaji","year":"2014","unstructured":"Akaji EA, Folaranmi N, Ashiwaju O. Halitosis: a review of the literature on its prevalence, impact and control. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2014;12(4):297\u2013304.","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"2455_CR2","first-page":"258","volume":"35","author":"SS Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee SS, Zhang W, Li Y. Halitosis update: a review of causes, diagnoses, and treatments. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2007;35(4):258\u2013260, 262, 264-8.","journal-title":"J Calif Dent Assoc"},{"key":"2455_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2006.01350.x","volume":"14","author":"AMWT Broek Van den","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van den Broek AMWT, Feenstra L, de Baat C. A review of the current literature on management of halitosis. Oral Dis. 2008;14:30\u20139.","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"2455_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-595X.2002.tb00927.x","volume":"52","author":"S Awano","year":"2002","unstructured":"Awano S, Gohara K, Kurihara E, Ansai T, Takehara T. The relationship between the presence of periodontopathogenic bacteria in saliva and halitosis. Int Dent J. 2002;52:212\u20136.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"2455_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-83242007000100012","volume":"21","author":"DC Peruzzo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peruzzo DC, Jandiroba PF, Nogueira Filho Gda R. Use of 0.1% chlorine dioxide to inhibit the formation of morning volatile Sulphur compounds (VSC). Braz Oral Res. 2007;21:70\u20134.","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"key":"2455_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-83242008000500007","volume":"22","author":"JR Cortelli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cortelli JR, Barbosa MD, Westphal MA. Halitosis: a review of associated factors and therapeutic approach. Braz Oral Res. 2008;22:44\u201354.","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res."},{"key":"2455_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0303-6979.2004.00452.x","volume":"31","author":"MD Carvalho","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carvalho MD, Tabchoury CM, Cury JA, Toledo S, Nogueira-Filho GR. Impact of mouthrinses on morning bad breath in healthy subjects. J Clin Periodontol. 2004;31:85\u201390.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"2455_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051x.2005.00674.x","volume":"32","author":"DH Fine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fine DH, Furgang D, Sinatra K, Charles C, McGuire A, Kumar LD. In vivo antimicrobial effectiveness of an essential oil-containing mouth rinse 12 h after a single use and 14 days\u2019 use. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32:335\u201340.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2455_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.03.002","volume":"41","author":"P Xue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xue P, Yao Y, Yang XS, Feng J, Ren GX. Improved antimicrobial effect of ginseng extract by heat transformation. J Gins Res. 2017;41(2):180\u20137.","journal-title":"J Gins Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2455_CR10","first-page":"232","volume":"42","author":"J Ruales","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ruales J, Nair BM. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) an important Andean food crop. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1992;42(3):232\u201341.","journal-title":"Arch Latinoam Nutr"},{"key":"2455_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1081\/FRI-120018874","volume":"19","author":"HB Sanchez","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sanchez HB, Lemeur R, Damme PV, Jacobsen SE. Ecophysiological analysis of drought and salinity stress of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd). Food Rev Int. 2003;19:111\u20139.","journal-title":"Food Rev Int"},{"key":"2455_CR12","first-page":"88","volume":"52","author":"R Lopez-Garcia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lopez-Garcia R. Quinoa: a traditional Andean crop with new horizons. Cereal Food World. 2007;52:88\u201390.","journal-title":"Cereal Food World"},{"key":"2455_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-012-1133-7","volume":"357","author":"VI Adolf","year":"2012","unstructured":"Adolf VI, Shabala S, Andersen MN, Razzaghi F, Jacobsen SE. Varietal differences of quinoa\u2019s tolerance to saline conditions. Plant Soil. 2012;357:117\u201329.","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"2455_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.02.023","volume":"157","author":"AM G\u00f3mez-Caravaca","year":"2014","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Caravaca AM, Iafelice G, Verardo V, Marconi E, Caboni MF. Influence of pearling process on phenolic and saponin content in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). Food Chem. 2014;157:174\u20138.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"2455_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.02.111","volume":"193","author":"V Nowak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nowak V, Du J, Charrondi\u00e8re UR. Assessment of the nutritional composition of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). Food Chem. 2016;193:47\u201354.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2455_CR16","first-page":"85","volume":"69","author":"GS Chauhan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chauhan GS, Eskin NAM, Tkachuk R. Nutrients and antinutrients in quinoa seed. Cereal Chem. 1992;69(1):85\u20138.","journal-title":"Cereal Chem"},{"key":"2455_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2007.03.015","volume":"27","author":"SM Ricardo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ricardo SM, Karine N, Kurt H. Novel molluscicide against Pomacea canaliculata based on quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) saponins. Crop Prot. 2008;27:310\u20139.","journal-title":"Crop Prot"},{"key":"2455_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2007.11.003","volume":"27","author":"M Stuardo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stuardo M, Mart\u00edn RS. Antifungal properties of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) alkali treated saponins against Botrytis cinerea. Ind Crop Prod. 2008;27:296\u2013302.","journal-title":"Ind Crop Prod"},{"key":"2455_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1018","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.12425","volume":"79","author":"Y Yao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yao Y, Yang X, Shi Z, Ren G. Anti-inflammatory activity of saponins from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages cells. J Food Sci. 2014;79:H1018\u201323.","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"key":"2455_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2006.02.013","volume":"17","author":"T Madl","year":"2006","unstructured":"Madl T, Sterk H, Mittelbach M, Rechberger GN. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of a complex triterpene saponin mixture of Chenopodium quinoa. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2006;17:795\u2013806.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Mass Spectrom"},{"key":"2455_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12274","DOI":"10.1021\/jf404461q","volume":"61","author":"L Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang L, Yang X, Yu X, Yao Y, Ren G. Evaluation of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of less polar ginsenosides produced from polar ginsenosides by heat-transformation. J Agric Food Chem. 2013;61:12274\u201382.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"2455_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.05.032","volume":"59","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Liu X, Wang Y, Jiang P, Quek SY. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of cinnamon essential oil against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Food Control. 2016;59:282\u20139.","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"2455_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","volume":"72","author":"MM Bradford","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976;72:248\u201354.","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"2455_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0320(19970901)29:1<58::AID-CYTO6>3.0.CO;2-9","volume":"29","author":"J Comas","year":"1997","unstructured":"Comas J, Vives-Rego J. Assessement of the effects of gramicidin, formaldehyde, andsurfactants on Escherichia coli by flow cytometry using nucleic acid and membrane potential dyes. Cytometry. 1997;29:58\u201364.","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"issue":"42","key":"2455_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2014.01.030","volume":"42","author":"SY Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee SY, Kim KBWR, Lim SII, Ahn DH. Antibacterial mechanism of Myagropsis myagroides extract on Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control. 2014;42(42):23\u20138.","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"2455_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2008.03.001","volume":"69","author":"T Kuljanabhagavad","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kuljanabhagavad T, Thongphasuk P, Chamulitrat W, Wink M. Triterpene saponins from Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Phytochemistry. 2008;69:1919\u201326.","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2455_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.38.375","volume":"38","author":"F Mizui","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mizui F, Kasai R, Ohtani K, Tanaka O. Saponins from bran of quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa WilldII. Chem Pharm Bull. 1990;38(2):375\u20137.","journal-title":"Chem Pharm Bull"},{"key":"2455_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.06.056","volume":"35","author":"WR Diao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diao WR, Hu QP, Zhang H, Xu JG. Chemical composition, antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of essential oil from seeds of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare mill.). Food Control. 2014;35:109\u201316.","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"2455_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.01.032","volume":"32","author":"VK Bajpai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bajpai VK, Sharma A, Baek KH. Antibacterial mode of action of Cudrania tricuspidata fruit essential oil, affecting membrane permeability and surface characteristics of food-borne pathogens. Food Control. 2013;32:582\u201390.","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"2455_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1966.tb01501.x","volume":"41","author":"P Mitchell","year":"1966","unstructured":"Mitchell P. Chemiosmotic coupling in oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation. Biol Rev. 1966;41(3):445\u2013501.","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2455_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.59.2.201-222.1995","volume":"59","author":"J Sikkema","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sikkema J, de Bont JA, Poolman B. Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons. Microbiol Rev. 1995;59(2):201\u201322.","journal-title":"Microbiol Rev"}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2455-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2455-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2455-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,14]],"date-time":"2024-07-14T18:51:00Z","timestamp":1720983060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2455-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2455-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 July 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"46"}}