{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:18:11Z","timestamp":1790702291307,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Altern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Psoriasis, a recurrent, chronic inflammatory disorder of skin, is a common problem in middle age and elderly people. Thymoquinone (TQ), a lipid soluble benzoquinone is the major active ingredient of volatile oil of <jats:italic>Nigella sativa<\/jats:italic> (NS), possesses good anti-psoriatic activity. However, its hydrophobicity, poor aqueous solubility, and photosensitive nature obstructs its development. Therefore, in the present research work, ethosomal vesicles (EVs) loaded with TQ were assessed for its anti-psoriatic potential employing mouse-tail model.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>TQ-loaded EVs were prepared by cold method, and characterized for various essential attributes, viz. particle size, morphology, percent drug entrapment, flexibility, rheological and textural analysis, and skin absorption. The optimized formulation was finally evaluated for anti-psoriatic activity on Swiss albino mice employing mouse-tail model for psoriasis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The spherical shaped vesicles were in the nanosize range, and had high flexibility. The EVs incorporated hydrogel was rheologically acceptable and resulted in substantial TQ retention in the skin layers. The % anti-psoriatic drug activity was observed to be substantially better in the case of TQ-loaded ethosomal gel <jats:italic>vis-\u00e0-vis<\/jats:italic> plain TQ, NS extract, and marketed formulation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The promising outcomes of the current studies ratify the superiority of TQ-loaded phospholipid-based vesicular systems for the management of psoriasis over other studied test formulations. This study, thus open promising avenues for topical application of TQ in the form of EV hydrogel.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2675-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T21:02:32Z","timestamp":1574802152000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Thymoquinone-loaded lipid vesicles: a promising nanomedicine for psoriasis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Poonam","family":"Negi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishita","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chetna","family":"Hemrajani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charul","family":"Rathore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alpna","family":"Bisht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaisar","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O. P.","family":"Katare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2675_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.07.043","volume":"69","author":"SR Moghddam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moghddam SR, Ahad A, Aqil M, Imam SS, Sultana Y. Formulation and optimization of niosomes for topical diacerein delivery using 3-factor, 3-level box-Behnken design for the management of psoriasis. Mater Sci Eng C. 2016;69:789\u201397.","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C"},{"key":"2675_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.05.020","volume":"170","author":"M Pradhan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pradhan M, Singh D, Singh MR. Novel colloidal carriers for psoriasis: current issues, mechanistic insight and novel delivery approaches. J Control Release. 2013;170:380\u201395.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"issue":"3","key":"2675_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2013005268","volume":"30","author":"AS Raut","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raut AS, Prabhu RH, Patravale VB. Psoriasis clinical implications and treatment: a review. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2013;30(3):183\u2013216.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst"},{"issue":"5","key":"2675_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.144499","volume":"5","author":"Sorna Kumar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kumar S, Nayak CS, Padhi T, Rao G, Rao A, Sharma VK, et al. Epidemiological pattern of psoriasis, vitiligo and atopic dermatitis in India: hospital-based point prevalence. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2014;5(1):S6\u20138.","journal-title":"Indian Dermatology Online Journal"},{"key":"2675_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"P Sathe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sathe P, Saka R, Kommineni N, Raza K, Khan W. Dithranol-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier-based gel ameliorate psoriasis in imiquimod-induced mice psoriatic plaque model. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2019;14:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Drug Dev Ind Pharm"},{"issue":"2","key":"2675_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1980.tb05692.x","volume":"102","author":"A Lassus","year":"1980","unstructured":"Lassus A. Systemic treatment of psoriasis with an oral retinoic acid derivative (Ro IO-9359). Br J Dermatol. 1980;102(2):195\u2013202.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"s1","key":"2675_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1992.tb04012.x","volume":"31","author":"RC Cornell","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cornell RC. Clinical trials of topical corticosteroids in psoriasis: correlations with the vasoconstrictor assay. Int J Dermatol. 1992;31(s1):38\u201340.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2675_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2016.10.025","volume":"96","author":"S Doppalapudi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Doppalapudi S, Jain A, Chopra DK, Khan W. Psoralen loaded liposomal nanocarriers for improved skin penetration and efficacy of topical PUVA in psoriasis. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2017;96(1):515\u201329.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2675_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.7897\/2230-8407.09336","volume":"9","author":"C Sowmya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sowmya C, Lavakumar V, Venkateshan N, Anitha P, Senthilnathan B. Current trends in treatment and management of psoriasis: an updated review. Int Res J Pharmacy. 2018;9(3):6\u201316.","journal-title":"Int Res J Pharmacy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2675_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2174\/1872211311666171129121128","volume":"12","author":"P Negi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Negi P, Rathore C, Sharma G, Singh B, Katare OP. Thymoquinone a potential therapeutic molecule from the plant Nigella sativa: role of colloidal carriers in its effective delivery. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul. 2018;12(1):3\u201322.","journal-title":"Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul"},{"issue":"12","key":"2675_CR11","first-page":"950","volume":"17","author":"M Khader","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khader M, Eckl PM. Thymoquinone: an emerging natural drug with a wide range of medical applications. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2014;17(12):950\u20137.","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"2675_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.05.041","volume":"52","author":"A Ali","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ali A, Ali S, Aqil M, Imam SS, Ahad A, Qadir A. Thymoquinone loaded dermal lipid nano particles: box Behnken design optimization to preclinical psoriasis assessment. J Drug Delivery Sci Technol. 2019;52:713\u201321.","journal-title":"J Drug Delivery Sci Technol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2675_CR13","first-page":"2251","volume":"13","author":"A Jain","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jain A, Venkatesh P, Bulbake U, Doppalapudia S, Rafeeqi TA, Godugub C, et al. Liposphere mediated topical delivery of thymoquinone in the treatment of psoriasis, nanomedicine: nanotechnology. Biol Med. 2017;13(7):2251\u201362.","journal-title":"Biol Med"},{"key":"2675_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.01.067","volume":"560","author":"Thasleem Moolakkadath","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moolakkadath T, Aqil M, Ahad A, Imam SS, Praveen A, Sultana Y, et al. Fisetin loaded binary ethosomes for management of skin cancer by dermal application on UV exposed mice. Int J Pharm. 2019;560:78\u201391.","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2675_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.12.005","volume":"332","author":"MM Elsayed","year":"2007","unstructured":"Elsayed MM, Abdallah OY, Naggar VF, Khalafallah NM. Lipid vesicles for skin delivery of drugs: reviewing three decades of research. Int J Pharm. 2007;332(1\u20132):1\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"issue":"2","key":"2675_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1166\/jnd.2014.1054","volume":"2","author":"P Negi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Negi P, Singh B, Sharma G, Katare OP. Enhanced topical delivery of lidocaine via ethosomes-based hydrogel: ex-vivo and in-vivo evaluation. J Nanopharm Drug Deliv. 2014;2(2):138\u201347.","journal-title":"J Nanopharm Drug Deliv"},{"issue":"3","key":"2675_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S232","DOI":"10.5530\/ijper.50.3.34","volume":"50","author":"A Mistry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mistry A, Kumar PR. Development and evaluation of Azelaic acid based Ethosomes for topical delivery for the treatment of acne. Ind J Pharm Educ Res. 2016;50(3):S232\u201343.","journal-title":"Ind J Pharm Educ Res"},{"key":"2675_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3109\/02652048.2015.1046513","volume":"32","author":"P Negi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Negi P, Singh B, Sharma G, Beg S, Katare OP. Biocompatible lidocaine and prilocaine loaded- Nanoemulsion system for enhanced percutaneous absorption: QbD-based optimization, dermatokinetics and in vivo evaluation. J Microencapsul. 2015;32:419\u201331.","journal-title":"J Microencapsul"},{"key":"2675_CR19","first-page":"951","volume":"23","author":"P Negi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Negi P, Singh B, Sharma G, Beg S, Raza K, Katare OP. Phospholipid microemulsion-based hydrogel for enhanced topical delivery of lidocaine and prilocaine: QbD-based development and evaluation. Drug Deliv. 2014;23:951\u201367.","journal-title":"Drug Deliv"},{"issue":"8","key":"2675_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2012.727500","volume":"19","author":"F Odeh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Odeh F, Ismail SI, Dhahab RA, Mahmoud IS, Bawab AL. Thymoquinone in liposomes: a study of loading efficiency and biological activity towards breast cancer. Drug Deliv. 2012;19(8):371\u20137.","journal-title":"Drug Deliv"},{"key":"2675_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.01.083","volume":"88","author":"Poonam Negi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Negi P, Aggarwal M, Sharma G, Rathore C, Sharma G, Singh B, et al. Niosome-based hydrogel of resveratrol for topical applications: an effective therapy for pain related disorder (s). Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;88:480\u20137.","journal-title":"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"2675_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2015.09.007","volume":"79","author":"MW J\u00f8raholmen","year":"2015","unstructured":"J\u00f8raholmen MW, Basnet NS, Acharya G, Basnet P. Resveratrol-loaded liposomes for topical treatment of the vaginal inflammation and infections. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2015;79:112\u201321.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2675_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-016-0561-8","volume":"18","author":"G Sharma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma G, Kamboj S, Thakur K, Negi P, Raza K, Katare OP. Delivery of thermoresponsive-tailored mixed micellar nanogel of lidocaine and prilocaine with improved dermatokinetic profile and therapeutic efficacy in topical anaesthesia. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2017;18(3):790\u2013802.","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"2675_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3109\/08982104.2014.911314","volume":"24","author":"K Raza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Raza K, Shareef MA, Singal P, Sharma G, Negi P, Katare OP. Lipid-based capsaicin loaded nano-colloidal biocompatible topical carriers with enhanced analgesic potential and decreased dermal irritation. J Liposome Res. 2014;24:290\u20136.","journal-title":"J Liposome Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2675_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.17756\/nwj.2016-030","volume":"2","author":"L Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar L, Verma S, Singh K, Prasad DN, Jain AK. Ethanol based vesicular carriers in transdermal drug delivery: nanoethosomes and transethosomes in focus. NanoWorld J. 2016;2(3):41\u201351.","journal-title":"NanoWorld J"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2675_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.430130207","volume":"13","author":"NJ Lowe","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lowe NJ. Psoriasis: in vivo models for topical drug evaluation. Drug Dev Res. 1988;13(2\u20133):147\u201355.","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2675_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.58.556","volume":"58","author":"H Ishii","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ishii H, Todo H, Sugibayashi K. Effect of thermodynamic activity on skin permeation and skin concentration of triamcinolone Acetonide. Chem Pharm Bull. 2010;58(4):556\u201361.","journal-title":"Chem Pharm Bull"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2675_CR28","first-page":"299","volume":"389","author":"GM Baustita","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baustita GM, Tam KC. Evaluation of dialysis membrane process for quantifying the in vitro drug release from colloidal drug carriers. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2011;389(1\u20133):299\u2013303.","journal-title":"Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp"},{"issue":"1","key":"2675_CR29","first-page":"18","volume":"5","author":"LPK Prasanthi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prasanthi LPK. Vesicles: mechanism of transdermal permeation: a review. Asian J Pharm Sci Clin Res. 2012;5(1):18\u201325.","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm Sci Clin Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2675_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.02.028","volume":"97","author":"DD Verma","year":"2004","unstructured":"Verma DD, Fahr A. Synergistic enhancement penetration effect of ethanol and phospholipids on the topical delivery of cyclosporine. A. J Con Rel. 2004;97(1):55\u201366.","journal-title":"J Con Rel"},{"issue":"12","key":"2675_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3806","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123806","volume":"19","author":"E Pilch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pilch E, Musial W. Liposome with an ethanol fraction as an application for drug delivery. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(12):3806.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2675_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-015-0391-0","volume":"17","author":"M Elmowafy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elmowafy M, Samy A, Raslan MA, Salama A, Said RA, Abdelaziz AD, et al. Enhancement of bioavailability and pharmacodynamic effects of thymoquinone via nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulation. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech. 2016;17(3):663\u201372.","journal-title":"AAPS Pharm Sci Tech"},{"issue":"3","key":"2675_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(99)00222-9","volume":"65","author":"E Touitou","year":"2000","unstructured":"Touitou E, Dayan N, Bergelson L, Godin B, Eliaz M. Ethosomes novel vesicular carriers for enhanced delivery: characterization and skin penetration properties. J Con Rel. 2000;65(3):403\u201318.","journal-title":"J Con Rel"},{"issue":"3","key":"2675_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2013.761202","volume":"8","author":"Pinar Avci","year":"2013","unstructured":"Avci P, Sadasivam M, Gupta A, De Melo WC, Huang YY, et al. Animal models of skin disease for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discovery. 2013;8(3):331\u201355.","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery"}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2675-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2675-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2675-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T19:18:13Z","timestamp":1606331893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2675-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2675"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2675-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 April 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The current research work involves the use of small experimental animals and whole study was carried out as per CPCSEA (Committee for the purpose of control and supervision of experiment on animals) guidelines under Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (under Prevention of Cruelty Act, 1960), Govt. of India, New Delhi, India. The study involves the use of small experimental animals, which were procured from animal house facility of the host institution Shoolini University, Solan, H. P, India and the experiments adherence to a high standard (best practice) of veterinary care. The experimental protocol was duly approved by Institutional Animal Ethical Committee of Shoolini University, Solan, H. P, India vide protocol number IAEC\/SU-PHARM\/16\/03.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"334"}}