{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T20:11:56Z","timestamp":1777579916161,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]],"date-time":"2019-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]],"date-time":"2019-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Altern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our previous study exhibited free radicals scavenging and antioxidant activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of<jats:italic>Tamarindus indica<\/jats:italic>L. leaves in chronic sodium fluoride poisoning in rats.<jats:italic>Tamarindus indica<\/jats:italic>L. seed extract was also reported to have anti-arthritic efficacy by inhibiting cartilage and bone degrading factors. Therefore, an attempt was made to evaluate the effects of ethanolic extract of<jats:italic>Tamarindus indica<\/jats:italic>L. leaves in septic arthritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The safety study was performed by oral dosing of ethanolic extract of the plant leaves at 2\u2009g\u2009kg<jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>for consecutive 28\u2009days in rabbits. Septic arthritis was induced in rabbits by single intra-articular inoculation of 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>c.f.u. of<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>to the left stifle joint and was monitored by bacterial colony count, some relevant biochemical parameters and histopathological interpretation of the affected joint. For efficacy evaluation in septic arthritis, linezolid at 75\u2009mg\u2009kg<jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>twice daily for 10\u2009days and the ethanolic extract of<jats:italic>Tamarindus indica<\/jats:italic>L. at 500 and 1000\u2009mg\u2009kg<jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>for consecutive 14\u2009days were administered orally to the rabbits after 48\u2009h of induction of arthritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In sub-acute toxicity study of<jats:italic>Tamarindus indica<\/jats:italic>L. leaves ethanolic extract, no significant change between days was found for aspertate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine compared to day 0 values of the same group. The bacterial colony count of synovial fluid following<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>inoculation to left stifle joint was found to be 1.08\u2009\u00b1\u20090.47 and 1.19\u2009\u00b1\u20090.29 c.f.u. mL<jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>in ethanolic extract low dose and high dose groups respectively, on day 2 which was reduced to 0.057\u2009\u00b1\u20090.036 c.f.u. mL<jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>and nil on day 16. The test extract was also found to markedly reduce simultaneous glucose difference, total protein ratio of serum and synovial fluid, joint radius and joint narrowing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ethanolic extract of<jats:italic>Tamarindus indica<\/jats:italic>L. leaves at 500\u2009mg\u2009kg<jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>and 1000\u2009mg\u2009kg<jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>produced anti-arthritic effects against<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>induced septic arthritis in rabbits. However, the ethanolic extract at 1000\u2009mg\u2009kg<jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>orally for consecutive 14\u2009days showed better effects in septic arthritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2676-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]],"date-time":"2019-09-18T14:07:31Z","timestamp":1568815651000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Efficacy evaluation of ethanolic extract of Tamarindus indica L. leaves as possible alternate therapy in septic arthritis model of rabbit"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Bishnu Prasad","family":"Sinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Souvick","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rinku","family":"Buragohain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Indranil","family":"Samanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siddhartha Narayan","family":"Joardar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prasenjit","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asit Kumar","family":"Maji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Partha","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tapan Kumar","family":"Mandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5179-6323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tapas Kumar","family":"Sar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2676_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-013-0332-4","volume":"15","author":"KA Sharff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sharff KA, Richards EP, Townes JM. Clinical management of septic arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2013;15(6):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"32","key":"2676_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6172","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR12.715","volume":"6","author":"NM Gumgumjee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gumgumjee NM, Khedr A, Hajar AS. Antimicrobial activities and chemical properties of Tamarindus indica L. leaves extract. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2012;6(32):6172\u201381.","journal-title":"Afr J Microbiol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2676_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2004.11.009","volume":"13","author":"PA Mel\u00e9ndez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mel\u00e9ndez PA, Capriles VA. Antibacterial properties of tropical plants from Puerto Rico. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(4):272\u20136.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine."},{"issue":"5","key":"2676_CR4","first-page":"1994","volume":"4","author":"B Goyal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goyal B, Alok S, Jain SK, Verma A. Evaluation of analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of Tamarindus indica leaves on experimental animal model. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2013;4(5):1994\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Sci Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2676_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3797\/scipharm.1110-09","volume":"80","author":"SS Bhadoriya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bhadoriya SS, Mishra V, Raut S, Ganeshpurkar A, Jain SK. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of a hydroethanolic extract of Tamarindus indica leaves. Sci Pharm. 2012;80(3):685\u201390.","journal-title":"Sci Pharm"},{"key":"2676_CR6","unstructured":"Babaria P, Mute V, Awari D, Ghodasara J. In vivo evaluation of antiarthritic activity of seed coat of Tamarindus indica Linn. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2011;3(4):204\u20137."},{"key":"2676_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sundaram MS, Hemshekhar M, Santosh MS, Paul M, Sunitha K, Thushara RM, Naveen Kumar SK, Naveen S, Devaraja S, Rangappa KS, Kemparaju K, Girish KS. Tamarind seed (Tamarindus indica) extract ameliorates adjuvant-induced arthritis via regulating the mediators of cartilage\/bone degeneration, inflammation and oxidative stress. Sci Rep. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep11117 .","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11117"},{"issue":"8","key":"2676_CR8","first-page":"80","volume":"14","author":"MO Attah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Attah MO, Ishaya HB, Chiroma MS, Amaza DS, Balogun SU, Jacks TW. Effect of Tamarindus indica (Linn) on the rate of wound healing in adult rabbits. IOSR J Dent Med Sci. 2015;14(8):80\u20134.","journal-title":"IOSR J Dent Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2676_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.9734\/ARRB\/2015\/8838","volume":"5","author":"ML Liman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liman ML, Atawodi SE. Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of methanolic extract of different parts of Tamarindus indica Linn in rats following acute and chronic carbon tetrachloride intoxication. Annu Res Rev Biol. 2015;5(2):109\u201323.","journal-title":"Annu Res Rev Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2676_CR10","first-page":"S492","volume":"10","author":"R Gupta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gupta R, Gupta J. Investigation of antidiarrhoeal activity of ethanolic extract of Tamarindus indica L. seeds in albino wistar rats. Asian J Pharm. 2016;10(4):S492\u20136.","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm"},{"issue":"3","key":"2676_CR11","first-page":"65","volume":"22","author":"JC Escalona-Arranz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Escalona-Arranz JC, P\u00e9rez-Ros\u00e9s R, Jim\u00e9nez IL, Rodr\u00edguez-Amado J, Argota-Coello H, Ca\u00f1izares-Lay J, Morris- Quevedo HJ, Sierra-Gonz\u00e1lez G. Chemical constituents of Tamarindus indica L. leaves. Rev Cuba Qu\u00edm. 2010;22(3):65\u201371.","journal-title":"Rev Cuba Qu\u00edm"},{"issue":"1","key":"2676_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.21276\/ap.2017.6.1.21","volume":"6","author":"AK Pandey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pandey AK, Sar TK, Sinha BP, Sarkar U, Samanta I, mandal TK. Protective effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Tamarindus indica L. leaf on oxidative stress induced by sodium fluoride in different tissues of rat. Ann Phytomed. 2017;6(1):136\u201342.","journal-title":"Ann Phytomed"},{"issue":"11","key":"2676_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.57.11.687","volume":"57","author":"AJ Wysenbeek","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wysenbeek AJ, Volchek J, Amit M, Robinson D, Boldur I, Nevo Z. Treatment of staphylococcal septic arthritis in rabbits by systemic antibiotics and intra-articular corticosteroids. Ann Rheum Dis. 1998;57(11):687\u201390.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2676_CR14","first-page":"57","volume":"28","author":"FM Jaberi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jaberi FM, Nicfar M, Tanideh N, Gramizadeh B. Treatment of staphylococcal joint infection in the rabbit by administration of systemic antibiotics and intra-articular corticosteroids. Iran J Med Sci. 2003;28(2):57\u201361.","journal-title":"Iran J Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2676_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21516","volume":"30","author":"K Schroeder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schroeder K, Simank HG, Lorenz H, Swoboda S, Geiss HK, Helbig L. Implant stability in the treatment of MRSA bone implant infections with linezolid versus vancomycin in a rabbit model. J Orthop Res. 2011;30(2):190\u20135.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"2676_CR16","volume-title":"Principles and practice of infectious diseases","author":"L Gerald","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gerald L, Mandell JEB, Raphael D. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2010."},{"issue":"3","key":"2676_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir034","volume":"52","author":"C Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE. Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(3):285\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2676_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(99)00130-0","volume":"68","author":"J Lin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lin J, Opoku AR, Geheeb-Keller AD, Hutchings AD, Terblanche SE, Jager AK, van Staden J. Preliminary screening of some traditional zulu medicinal plants for anti- inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;68(1\u20133):267\u201374.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2676_CR19","unstructured":"Quinn PJ, Carter ME, Markey BK. Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. London: Wolfe Publishing; 1994."},{"issue":"7","key":"2676_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.30.7.1654-1660.1992","volume":"30","author":"OG Brakstad","year":"1992","unstructured":"Brakstad OG, Aasbakk K, Maeland JA. Detection of Staphylococcus aureus by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the nuc gene. J clin Microbial. 1992;30(7):1654\u201360.","journal-title":"J clin Microbial"},{"key":"2676_CR21","unstructured":"Anon 2016 Available at: http:\/\/clsi.org\/blog\/2015\/01\/08\/clsi-publishes-new-antimicrobial-susceptibility-testing-standards\/ . Accessed 23 Sep 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"2676_CR22","first-page":"6","volume":"4","author":"D Yahia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yahia D, Abd El-Hakiem MAH. Biochemical analysis of synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid and vitreous humor at early postmortem intervals in donkeys. J Adv Vet Res. 2014;4(1):6\u201311.","journal-title":"J Adv Vet Res"},{"key":"2676_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198109000-00031","volume":"159","author":"RB Salter","year":"1981","unstructured":"Salter RB, Bell RS, Keeley FW. The protective effect of continuous passive motion on living articular cartilage in acute septic arthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1981;159:223-47.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"2676_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780070505","volume":"7","author":"AS Cohen","year":"1964","unstructured":"Cohen AS. Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and transaminase (GOT) activity of synovial fluid and serum in rheumatic disease states, with a note on synovial fluid LDH isozymes. Arthritis Rheum. 1964;7:490\u201301.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2676_CR25","volume-title":"Clinical methods: the history, physical and laboratory examinations","author":"A Faryna","year":"1990","unstructured":"Faryna A, Goldenberg K. Joint Fluid. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical methods: the history, physical and laboratory examinations. Atlanta: Butterworth Publishers; 1990."},{"issue":"2","key":"2676_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2482062110","volume":"248","author":"JA Jacobson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jacobson JA, Girish G, Jiang Y, Resnick D. Radiographic evaluation of arthritis: inflammatory conditions. Radiology. 2008;248(2):378\u201389.","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"issue":"1","key":"2676_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s002560050332","volume":"27","author":"MJ Rutten","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rutten MJ, Van den Berg JC, Van den Hoogen FH, Lemmens JA. Nontuberculous mycobacterial bursitis and arthritis of the shoulder. Skeletal Radiol. 1998;27(1):33\u20135.","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"2676_CR28","first-page":"353","volume":"144","author":"X Saez-Llorens","year":"1990","unstructured":"Saez-Llorens X, Mustafa M, Ramilo O, Fink C, Beulter B, Nelson JD. Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1B in synovial fluid of infants and children with suppurative arthritis. Am J Dis Child. 1990;144:353\u201366.","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"issue":"4","key":"2676_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330411","volume":"33","author":"RJ Williams","year":"1990","unstructured":"Williams RJ, Smith RL, Schurman DJ. Septic arthritis. Staphylococcal induction of chondrocyte proteolytic activity. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(4):533\u201341.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"2676_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.564","volume":"12","author":"MM Cowan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cowan MM. Plants products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12(4):564\u201382.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2676_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10083400","volume":"10980","author":"R Gonzalez\u2013Lamothe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gonzalez\u2013Lamothe R, Mitchell G, Gattuso M, Diarra MS, Malouin F, Bouarab K. Plant antimicrobial agents and their effects on plant and human pathogens. J Mol Sci. 2009;10980:3400\u201319.","journal-title":"J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"23","key":"2676_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.66944","volume":"6","author":"JC Escalona-Arranz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Escalona-Arranz JC, P\u00e9res-Roses R, Urdaneta-Laffita I, Camacho-Pozo MI, Rodr\u00edguez-Amado J, Licea-Jim\u00e9nez I. Antimicrobial activity of extracts from Tamarindus indica L. leaves. Pharmacogn Mag. 2010;6(23):242\u20137.","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Mag"}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2676-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2676-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2676-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T23:59:12Z","timestamp":1664409552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2676-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2676-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 July 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 September 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study has been approved by Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (IAEC) and Institutional Bio-Safety Committee (IBSC) of West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, West Bengal. The approval number for IAEC was Pharma\/IAEC\/ 182, dated- 23.07.15; and for IBSC was Pharma\/IBSC\/159, dated- 01.12.15.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"261"}}