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This study was designed to determine the pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of <jats:italic>E. hirta<\/jats:italic> in diarrhea and constipation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The aqueous-methanol extract of whole herb of <jats:italic>E. hirta<\/jats:italic> (EH.Cr) and its petroleum ether (Pet.EH), chloroform (CHCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>.EH), ethyl acetate (Et.Ac.EH) and aqueous (Aq.EH) fractions were tested in the in-vivo experiments using Balb\/c mice, while the in-vitro studies were performed on isolated jejunum and ileum preparations of locally bred rabbit and Sprague Dawley rats, respectively, using PowerLab data system.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, cardiac glycosides, while HPLC of EH.Cr showed quercetin in high proportion. In mice, EH.Cr at the dose of 500 and 1000\u2009mg\/kg showed 41 and 70% protection from castor oil-induced diarrhea, respectively, similar to the effect of quercetin and loperamide, while at lower doses (50 and 100\u2009mg\/kg), it caused an increase in the fecal output. In loperamide-induced constipated mice, EH.Cr also displayed laxative effect with respective values of 28.6 and 35.3% at 50 and 100\u2009mg\/kg. In rabbit jejunum, EH.Cr showed atropine-sensitive inhibitory effect in a concentration-dependent manner, while quercetin and nifedipine exhibited atropine-insensitive effects. Fractions of <jats:italic>E. hirta<\/jats:italic> also produced atropine-sensitive inhibitory effects except Pet.EH and CHCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>.EH. On high (80 mM) and low (20 mM) K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2009\u2212\u2009induced contractions, the crude extract and fractions exhibited a concentration-dependent non-specific inhibition of both spasmogens and displaced concentration-response curves of Ca<jats:sup>++<\/jats:sup> to the right with suppression of the maximum effect similar to the effect quercetin and nifedipine. Fractions showed wide distribution of spasmolytic and Ca<jats:sup>++<\/jats:sup> antagonist like effects. In rat ileum, EH.Cr and its fractions exhibited atropine-sensitive gut stimulant effects except Pet.EH.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The crude extract of <jats:italic>E. hirta<\/jats:italic> possesses antidiarrheal effect possibly mediated through Ca<jats:sup>++<\/jats:sup> antagonist like gut inhibitory constituents, while its laxative effect was mediated primarily through muscarinic receptor agonist like gut stimulant constituents. Thus, these findings provide an evidence to the folkloric use of <jats:italic>E. hirta<\/jats:italic> in diarrhea and constipation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2793-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]],"date-time":"2020-01-16T12:04:07Z","timestamp":1579176247000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The use of Euphorbia hirta L. 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J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116:96\u2013101.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2793-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2793-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2793-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:08:57Z","timestamp":1610669337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2793-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2793-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-7671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-7671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 June 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Experiments were carried out and the data was compiled in compliance with the rulings of Institute of laboratory Animal Resources Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council (1996). We also comply with the IUCN Policy Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction and the Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. The study protocols were approved vide reference no. GCUF\/ERC\/1983 dated: 27.06.2018 by the Institutional Review Board, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan. This study is a part of the PhD research work of Mr. Muhammad Zeeshan Ali (PhD scholar, enrolment no. 9313) at Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14"}}