{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:45:39Z","timestamp":1790606739320,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Projects of National Research Institute for Family Planning, China","award":["2017JY004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017JY004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Med Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstracts<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Qilin pills (QLPs), a classic Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula for treating male infertility, effectively improve semen quality in clinical trials. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of QLPs on spermatogenesis, reproductive hormones, oxidative stress, and the testis-specific serinekinase-2 (TSSK2) gene in a rat model of oligoasthenospermia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups. The rat model with oligoasthenospermia was generated by intragastric administration of tripterygium glycosides (TGs) once daily for 4\u2009weeks. Then, two treatment groups were given different doses (1.62\u2009g\/kg and 3.24\u2009g\/kg) of QLPs once daily for 60\u2009days. Sperm parameters, testicular histology and reproductive hormone measurements, oxidative stress tests, and TSSK2 expression tests were carried out.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>QLPs effectively improved semen parameters and testicular histology; restored the levels of FSH, LH, PRL, fT, and SHBG; reduced the levels of oxidative stress products (ROS and MDA); increased testicular SOD activity; and restored the expression of spermatogenesis-related gene TSSK2.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>QLPs have a therapeutic effect on a rat model of oligoasthenospermia, and this effect is manifested as improvement of semen quality and testis histology, gonadal axis stability, decreased oxidative stress, and the regulation of testis-specific spermatogenesis-related gene TSSK2.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2799-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T13:05:34Z","timestamp":1581426334000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Effects of Qilin pills on spermatogenesis, reproductive hormones, oxidative stress, and the TSSK2 gene in a rat model of oligoasthenospermia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Kaishu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longlong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuming","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejun","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9848-811X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiqun","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2799_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0431-1","volume":"16","author":"KK Kesari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kesari KK, Agarwal A, Henkel R. Radiations and male fertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2018;16(1):118.","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2799_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13126","volume":"50","author":"A Agarwal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agarwal A, Rana M, Qiu E, AlBunni H, Bui AD, Henkel R. Role of oxidative stress, infection and inflammation in male infertility. Androl. 2018;50(11):e13126.","journal-title":"Androl"},{"issue":"4","key":"2799_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2016.08.002","volume":"2","author":"M Fode","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fode M, Fusco F, Lipshultz L, Weidner W. Sexually transmitted disease and male infertility: a systematic review. Eur Urol Focus. 2016;2(4):383\u201393.","journal-title":"Eur Urol Focus"},{"issue":"4","key":"2799_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.08.001","volume":"112","author":"TR Segal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Segal TR, Giudice LC. Before the beginning: environmental exposures and reproductive and obstetrical outcomes. Fertil Steril. 2019;112(4):613\u201321.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2799_CR5","volume-title":"Diemer T","author":"A Jungwirth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jungwirth A. Diemer T. Giwercman A, Kopa Z, Krausz C, Tournaye H. EAU guidelines on male infertility. European Association of Urology: Dohle GR; 2013."},{"issue":"12","key":"2799_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001356","volume":"9","author":"MN Mascarenhas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mascarenhas MN, Flaxman SR, Boerma T, Vanderpoel S, Stevens GA. National, regional, and global trends in infertility prevalence since 1990: a systematic analysis of 277 health surveys. PLoS Med. 2012;9(12):e1001356.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2799_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7090239","volume":"7","author":"Shu-Chiu Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang SC, Wang SC, Li CJ, Lin CH, Huang HL, Tsai LM, Chang CH. The therapeutic effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine for poor semen quality in infertile males. J Clin Med. 2018;7(9). pii: E239.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"2799_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.02.014","volume":"135","author":"D Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang D, Coscione A, Li L, Zeng BY. Effect of Chinese herbal medicine on male infertility. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2017;135:297\u2013311.","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2799_CR9","first-page":"919","volume":"10","author":"Q Duan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Duan Q, Zhuang YX, Yao LM, Cao J. Qualitative and quantitative method for Kirin pills. Cen S Pharm. 2012;10(12):919\u201322.","journal-title":"Cen S Pharm"},{"issue":"9","key":"2799_CR10","first-page":"708","volume":"27","author":"YX Zhuang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhuang YX, Chen WQ, Cai ZC. Preparation and clinical application of Qilin pills. J Chin Med Mater. 2004;27(9):708\u20139.","journal-title":"J Chin Med Mater"},{"issue":"12","key":"2799_CR11","first-page":"1139","volume":"17","author":"XJ Shang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shang XJ, Guo J, Chen L, Deng CH, Sun XZ, Geng Q, Zhou SH, Mao XM, Deng JH, Yang H, Huang YF. Qilin pills for oligoasthenospermia: a multi-centered clinical trial. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2011;17(12):1139\u201342.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue"},{"issue":"3","key":"2799_CR12","first-page":"251","volume":"23","author":"JM Mao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mao JM, Jiang H, Wang CH, Ning KQ, Liu JH, Yang SW, Li HS, Zhou SH, Zhang ZC, Xu JX, Huang YH. Qilin pills for idiopathic oligoasthenospermia: a multi-centered randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2017;23(3):251\u20135.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue"},{"issue":"9","key":"2799_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5854","volume":"31","author":"X Jin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jin X, Man CF, Gong DD, Fan Y. Adjuvant treatment with Qilin pill for men with oligoasthenospermia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res. 2017;31(9):1291\u20137.","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2799_CR14","first-page":"821","volume":"23","author":"KS Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang KS, Zhou F, An Q, Jia YF, Fu LL, Lu WH, Liang XW, Shang XJ, Gu YQ. Protective effect of Qilin pills on the reproductive function of oligoasthenospermia rats. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2017;23(9):821\u20137.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue"},{"issue":"31","key":"2799_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21770","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24985","volume":"9","author":"K Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang K, Ge Z, Fu L, An Q, Zhou F, Guo Y, Wang X, Lu W, Liang X, Wang S, Shang X, Gu Y. Qilin pills alleviate oligoasthenospermia by inhibiting Bax-caspase-9 apoptosis pathway in the testes of model rats. Oncotarget. 2018;9(31):21770\u201382.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"2","key":"2799_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.180069","volume":"37","author":"SH Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou SH, Deng YF, Weng ZW, Weng HW, Liu ZD. Traditional Chinese medicine as a remedy for male infertility: a review. World J Mens Health. 2019;37(2):175\u201385.","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2799_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.29252\/ijrm.16.3.131","volume":"16","author":"S Moghbelinejad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moghbelinejad S, Mozdarani H, Ghoraeian P, Asadi R. Basic and clinical genetic studies on male infertility in Iran during 2000-2016: a review. Int J Reprod Biomed (Yazd). 2018;16(3):131\u201348.","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Biomed (Yazd)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2799_CR18","first-page":"254","volume":"35","author":"PM Mao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mao PM, Li HS, Wang B, Mo XW. Research progress in preparation of tripterygium glycosides-induced infertility animal model. Chin J Integr Trad West Med. 2015;35(2):254\u20135.","journal-title":"Chin J Integr Trad West Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"2799_CR19","first-page":"1521","volume":"31","author":"L Hu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hu L, Xu HM, Xiong JW, Tian YH, Ming Y, Xiong F, Xiong CL. Resistant effect of water decoction of root of Crataegus cuneata on male infertility induced by GTW in rats. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2006;31(18):1521\u20135.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"2799_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2015.07.008","volume":"336","author":"B Ma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ma B, Qi H, Li J, Xu H, Chi B, Zhu J, Yu L, An G, Zhang Q. Triptolidedisrupts fatty acids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) levels in male mice testes followed by testicular injury: a GC-MS based metabolomics study. Toxicol. 2015;336:84\u201395.","journal-title":"Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2799_CR21","first-page":"179","volume":"21","author":"HF Ma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ma HF, Li HS, Zhao ZJ, Wang B, Zhao B, Mo XW, Liu Y, Cheng MX, Yang MJ. Establishment of rat model for spermatogenesis disorder induced by tripterygium glycosides. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2015;21(2):179\u201384.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue"},{"issue":"3","key":"2799_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-014-1743-4","volume":"20","author":"YP Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu YP, Liu BX, Zhang XP, Yang CW, Wang CH. A Chinese herbal formula, Wuzi Yanzong pill, improves spermatogenesis by modulating the secretory function of Sertoli cells. Chin J Integr Med. 2014;20(3):194\u20139.","journal-title":"Chin J Integr Med"},{"key":"2799_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1159\/000178170","volume":"1","author":"SG Johnsen","year":"1970","unstructured":"Johnsen SG. Testicular biopsy score count--a method for registration of spermatogenesis in human testes: normal values and results in 335 hypogonadal males. Horm Res Paediatr. 1970;1:2\u201325.","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2799_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aju.2017.11.001","volume":"16","author":"H Wagner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wagner H, Cheng JW, Ko EY. Role of reactive oxygen species in male infertility: An updated review of literature. Arab J Urol. 2017;16(1):35\u201343.","journal-title":"Arab J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2799_CR25","first-page":"91","volume":"34","author":"OO Obembe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Obembe OO, Olatoke TF, Atere TG. Reproductive indices and oxidative stress biomarkers of male Wistar rats prenatally exposed to cigarette smoke. Niger J Physiol Sci. 2019;34(1):91\u20138.","journal-title":"Niger J Physiol Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"2799_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03101-9","volume":"76","author":"R Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou R, Wu J, Liu B, Jiang Y, Chen W, Li J, He Q, He Z. The roles and mechanisms of Leydig cells and myoid cells in regulating spermatogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2019;76(14):2681\u201395.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2799_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2015.01.010","volume":"39","author":"X Geng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Geng X, Shao H, Zhang Z, Ng JC, Peng C. Malathion-induced testicular toxicity is associated with spermatogenic apoptosis and alterations in testicular enzymes and hormone levels in male Wistar rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015;39(2):659\u201367.","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2799_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3109\/19396368.2012.689923","volume":"58","author":"N Lakpour","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lakpour N, Mahfouz RZ, Akhondi MM, Agarwal A, Kharrazi H, Zeraati H, Amirjannati N, Sadeghi MR. Relationship of seminal plasma antioxidants and serum male hormones with sperm chromatin status in male factor infertility. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2012;58(5):236\u201344.","journal-title":"Syst Biol Reprod Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2799_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2013.06.010","volume":"48","author":"TB Salomon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Salomon TB, Hackenhaar FS, Almeida AC, Sch\u00fcller AK, Gil Alabarse PV, Ehrenbrink G, Benfato MS. Oxidative stress in testis of animals during aging with and without reproductive activity. Exp Gerontol. 2013;48(9):940\u20136.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2799_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gah052","volume":"10","author":"Z Hao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hao Z, Jha KN, Kim YH, Vemuganti S, Westbrook VA, Chertihin O, Markgraf K, Flickinger CJ, Coppola M, Herr JC, Visconti PE. Expression analysis of the human testis-specific serine_threonine kinase (TSSK) homologues. A TSSK member is present in the equatorial segment of human sperm. Mol Hum Reprod. 2004;10(6):433\u201344.","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"2","key":"2799_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4161\/spmg.1.2.16956","volume":"1","author":"WH Walker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Walker WH. Testosterone signaling and the regulation of spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis. 2011;1(2):116\u201320.","journal-title":"Spermatogenesis."},{"issue":"329","key":"2799_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2015.01.002","volume":"2","author":"P Wisniewski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wisniewski P, Romano RM, Kizys MM, Oliveira KC, Kasamatsu T, Giannocco G, Chiamolera MI, Dias-da-Silva MR, Romano MA. Adult exposure to bisphenol a (BPA) in Wistar rats reduces sperm quality with disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. Toxicol. 2015;2(329):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2799_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4077\/CJP.2014.BAB155","volume":"57","author":"JF Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin JF, Lin YH, Liao PC, Lin YC, Tsai TF, Chou KY, Chen HE, Tsai SC, Hwang TI. Induction of testicular damage by daily methamphetamine administration in rats. Chin J Physiol. 2014;57(1):19\u201330.","journal-title":"Chin J Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2799_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-015-9322-3","volume":"16","author":"G Rastrelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rastrelli G, Corona G, Maggi M. The role of prolactin in andrology: what is new? Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2015;16(3):233\u201348.","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2799_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj1954.38.1","volume":"38","author":"PG Gunasekar","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gunasekar PG, Kumaran B, Govindarajulu P. Role of prolactin on leydig, sertoli and germ cellular neutral lipids in bonnet monkeys, macaca radiate. Endocrinol Jpn. 1991;38(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Jpn"},{"issue":"3","key":"2799_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.179252","volume":"18","author":"JD Ring","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ring JD, Lwin AA, K\u00f6hler TS. Current medical management of endocrine-related male infertility. Asian J Androl. 2016;18(3):357\u201363.","journal-title":"Asian J Androl."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2799_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.10.005","volume":"123","author":"MR Safarinejad","year":"2011","unstructured":"Safarinejad MR, Shafiei N, Safarinejad S. Association of the (TAAAA) n repeat and Asp327Asn polymorphisms in the sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) gene with idiopathic male infertility and relation to serum SHBG concentrations. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2011;123(1\u20132):37\u201345.","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2799_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)66540-8","volume":"165","author":"CP Pavlovich","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pavlovich CP, King P, Goldstein M, Schlegel PN. Evidence of a treatable endocrinopathy in infertile men. J Urol. 2011;165(3):837\u201341.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2799_CR39","first-page":"103","volume":"12","author":"H Fanaei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fanaei H, Khayat S, Halvaei I, Ramezani V, Azizi Y, Kasaeian A, Mardaneh J, Parvizi MR, Akrami M. Effects of ascorbic acid on sperm motility, viability, acrosome reaction and DNA integrity in teratozoospermic samples. Iran J Reprod Med. 2014;12(2):103\u201310.","journal-title":"Iran J Reprod Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2799_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.108.005132","volume":"29","author":"TT Turner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Turner TT, Lysiak JJ. Oxidative stress: a common factor in testicular dysfunction. J Androl. 2008;29(5):488\u201398.","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"issue":"5","key":"2799_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmh034","volume":"10","author":"WC Ford","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ford WC. Regulation of sperm function by reactive oxygen species. Hum Reprod Update. 2004;10(5):387\u201399.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"1","key":"2799_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.122203","volume":"16","author":"RJ Aitken","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aitken RJ, Smith TB, Jobling MS, Baker MA, De Iuliis GN. Oxidative stress and male reproductive health. Asian J Androl. 2014;16(1):31\u20138.","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2799_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(03)00003-2","volume":"329","author":"I Dalle-Donne","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dalle-Donne I, Rossi R, Giustarini D, Milzani A, Colombo R. Protein carbonyl groups as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Clin Chim Acta. 2003;329(1\u20132):23\u201338.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"3","key":"2799_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.1080370314","volume":"37","author":"JM Cummins","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cummins JM, Jequier AM, Kan R. Molecular biology of human male infertility: links with aging, mitochondrial genetics, and oxidative stress? Mol Reprod Dev. 1994;37(3):345\u201362.","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2799_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.2174\/138920005774330594","volume":"6","author":"SA Sheweita","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sheweita SA, Tilmisany AM, Al-Sawaf H. Mechanisms of male infertility: role of antioxidants. Curr Drug Metab. 2005;6(5):495\u2013501.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"key":"2799_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.001","volume":"108","author":"SJ Sciegienka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sciegienka SJ, Solst SR, Falls KC, Schoenfeld JD, Klinger AR, Ross NL, Rodman SN, Spitz DR, Fath MA. D-penicillamine combined with inhibitors of hydroperoxide metabolism enhances lung and breast cancer cell responses to radiation and carboplatin via H2O2-mediatedoxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med. 2017;108:354\u201361.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2799_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq149","volume":"116","author":"K Jana","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jana K, Samanta PK, De DK. Nicotine diminishes testicular gametogenesis, steroidogenesis and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression in adult albino rats: possible influence on pituitary gonadotropins and alteration of testicular antioxidant status. Toxicol Sci. 2010;116(2):647\u201359.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2799_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81834-6","volume":"88","author":"P Sassone-Corsi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sassone-Corsi P. Transcriptional checkpoints determining the fate of male germ cells. Cell. 1997;88(2):163\u20136.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"2799_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.139.7.1851","volume":"139","author":"P Kueng","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kueng P, Nikolova Z, Djonov V, Hemphill A, Rohrbach V, Boehlen D, Zuercher G, Andres AC, Ziemiecki A. A novel family of serine\/threonine kinases participating in spermiogenesis. J Cell Biol. 1997;139(7):1851\u20139.","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2799_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.109.008466","volume":"31","author":"H Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang H, Su D, Yang Y, Zhang W, Liu Y, Bai G, Ma M, Ma Y, Zhang S. Some single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the TSSK2 gene may be associated with human spermatogenesis impairment. J Androl. 2010;31(4):388\u201392.","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"issue":"5","key":"2799_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3314","volume":"25","author":"Q Luo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Luo Q, Cui X, Yan J, Yang M, Liu J, Jiang Y, Li J, Zhou Y. Antagonistic effects of Lyciumbarbarum polysaccharides on the impaired reproductive system of male rats induced by local subchronic exposure to 60Co-\u03b3 irradiation. Phytother Res. 2011;25(5):694\u2013701.","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2799_CR52","first-page":"99","volume":"2","author":"DN Qin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Qin DN, She BR, She YC, Wang JH. Effects of flavonoids from semen Cuscutae on the reproductive system in male rats. Asian J Androl. 2000;2(2):99\u2013102.","journal-title":"Asian J Androl."},{"issue":"1","key":"2799_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4956","volume":"28","author":"D Yuan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yuan D, Wang H, He H, Jia L, He Y, Wang T, Zeng X, Li Y, Li S, Zhang C. Protective effects of total flavonoids from Epimedium on the male mouse reproductive system against cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative injury by up-regulating the expressions of SOD3 and GPX1. Phytother Res. 2014;28(1):88\u201397.","journal-title":"Phytother Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2799-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2799-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2799-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T00:47:40Z","timestamp":1612918060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2799-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2799"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2799-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-7671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-7671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 May 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Experimental procedures were in accordance with the Ethical Principles of Animal Research and were approved by the National Research Institute for Family Planning Ethics Committee for Animal Research (Approval Number: 2017\u20131112-01).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"42"}}