{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T12:53:46Z","timestamp":1777294426817,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81874349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81874349"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Programs Foundation for Leading Talents in State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China-\u201cQihuang scholars\u201d Project","award":["10400633210004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10400633210004"]}]},{"name":"National special support plan for high-level talents (Plan of ten thousand people)-Famous Teacher Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Med Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common inflammatory disease with a substantial burden for society and economic worldwide. Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) have gained attention as alternative remedies due to they can exert the satisfactory therapeutic effects via holistic regulation. Currently, several oral Chinese patent medicines are routinely recommended for managing and treating RA. Therefore, a network meta-analysis (NMA), which tries to synthesize evidences for a decision making by evaluating the comparative effectiveness of multiple interventions against the same disease, was undertaken to identify the optimal intervention according to their efficacy in clinical treatment and symptom remission, safety profile and daily cost.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding CPMs to treat RA were comprehensive retrieved from 3 foreign databases and 4 Chinese databases, and the retrieved results were last updated on January 10, 2019. The bias of the selected trials was assessed by two individuals independently through RoB2. A random-effects model was adopted during the meta-analytic procedures, and outcomes concerning efficacy and safety were evaluated as odds ratios (OR), mean differences (MD) and 95% credible intervals (CI) utilizing Stata 14.1 and WinBUGS 1.4.3 software. Furthermore, the cluster analysis and comprehensive investigation were preformed concerning the comparative efficacy, safety and cost of oral CPMs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>One hundred sixteen RCTs involving 10,213 individuals met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled into current NMA. The results from existing evidence indicated that Biqi capsule and Yuxuebi capsule probably had a favorable balance in consideration of benefits, tolerability and daily cost. Furthermore, as the least expensive choice, glucosides of Tripterygium Wilfordii tablet was associated with displaying a trend of relieving joint tenderness, joint swelling, and morning stiffness for patients with RA.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Biqi capsule, Yuxuebi capsule and glucosides of Tripterygium Wilfordii tablet were recommended for treating RA based on the favorable benefits in both clinical efficacy and symptoms, and they, meanwhile, might be associated with the more tolerable and acceptable therapeutic alternative in terms of safety profile and daily cost. Nevertheless, the additional results from high-quality, multi-center and head-to-head trials would be pivotal for supporting our findings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03004-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T12:03:44Z","timestamp":1594037024000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Comparative efficacy, safety and cost of oral Chinese patent medicines for rheumatoid arthritis: a Bayesian network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-tao","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6391-5142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-meng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi-jian","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9746","key":"3004_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60826-4","volume":"376","author":"DL Scott","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scott DL, Wolfe F. TW H Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2010;376(9746):1094\u2013108.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"3004_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39603","volume":"68","author":"K Mankia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mankia K, Emery P. Preclinical rheumatoid arthritis: Progress toward prevention. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(4):779\u201388.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3004_CR3","first-page":"721","volume":"35","author":"F Ferro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ferro F, Elefante E, Luciano N, Talarico R, Todoerti M. One year in review 2017: novelties in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017;35(5):721\u201334.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3004_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.160522","volume":"43","author":"D Scublinsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Scublinsky D, Gonzalez CD. Quantifying disease in challenging conditions: incidence and prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2016;43(7):1263\u20134.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3004_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2016.07.007","volume":"83","author":"E Minichiello","year":"2016","unstructured":"Minichiello E, Semerano L, Boissier MC. Time trends in the incidence, prevalence, and severity of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Joint Bone Spine. 2016;83(6):625\u201330.","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"issue":"1","key":"3004_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-1064-y","volume":"16","author":"C Berner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berner C, Erlacher L, Fenzl KH, Dorner TE. A cross-sectional study on self-reported physical and mental health-related quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis and the role of illness perception. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2018;16(1):238.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"4","key":"3004_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0623-3","volume":"39","author":"TT Cheung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheung TT, McInnes IB. Future therapeutic targets in rheumatoid arthritis? Semin Immunopathol. 2017;39(4):487\u2013500.","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3004_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.126128","volume":"69","author":"AG Semb","year":"2010","unstructured":"Semb AG, Kvien TK, Aastveit AH, Jungner I, Pedersen TR, Walldius G, et al. Lipids, myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the Apolipoprotein-related mortality RISk (AMORIS) study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(11):1996\u20132001.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"3004_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.03.011","volume":"87","author":"JM Davis 3rd","year":"2012","unstructured":"Davis JM 3rd, Matteson EL. American College of R, European league against R. my treatment approach to rheumatoid arthritis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(7):659\u201373.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"10086","key":"3004_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31491-5","volume":"389","author":"GR Burmester","year":"2017","unstructured":"Burmester GR, Pope JE. Novel treatment strategies in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2017;389(10086):2338\u201348.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"5","key":"3004_CR11","first-page":"337","volume":"78","author":"DS Pisetsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pisetsky DS. Advances in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: costs and challenges. N C Med J. 2017;78(5):337\u201340.","journal-title":"N C Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"3004_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2017.012","volume":"40","author":"TD Wilsdon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilsdon TD, Hill CL. Managing the drug treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Aust Prescr. 2017;40(2):51\u20138.","journal-title":"Aust Prescr"},{"key":"3004_CR13","first-page":"528018","volume":"2014","author":"WY Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee WY, Chen HY, Chen KC, Chen CY. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with traditional chinese medicine. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:528018.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"3004_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.10.003","volume":"65","author":"E Zampeli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zampeli E, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Tzioufas AG. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: unraveling the conundrum. J Autoimmun. 2015;65:1\u201318.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"3004_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.01.004","volume":"171","author":"X Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang X, Zu Y, Huang L, Yu J, Zhao H, Wen C, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with combination of methotrexate and Tripterygium wilfordii: a meta-analysis. Life Sci. 2017;171:45\u201350.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"3004_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(11)60031-9","volume":"31","author":"C Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang C, Jiang M, L\u00fc AP. Evidence-based Chinese medicine for rheumatoid arthritis. J Tradit Chin Med. 2011;31(2):152\u20137.","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"3004_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.10.010","volume":"176","author":"S L\u00fc","year":"2015","unstructured":"L\u00fc S, Wang Q, Li G, Sun S, Guo Y, Kuang H. The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis using Chinese medicinal plants: from pharmacology to potential molecular mechanisms. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;176:177\u2013206.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"3004_CR18","unstructured":"Flaws B, Sionneau P. The treatment of modern Western medical diseases with Chinese medicine, 2nd. Blue Poppy Press 2005."},{"issue":"2","key":"3004_CR19","first-page":"137","volume":"22","author":"S Li","year":"2002","unstructured":"Li S. Advances in TCM symptomatology of rheumatoid arthritis. J Tradit Chin Med. 2002;22(2):137\u201342.","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3004_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2011.0370","volume":"19","author":"J Zhao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhao J, Zha Q, Jiang M, Cao H, Lu A. Expert consensus on the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with Chinese patent medicines. J Altern Complement Med. 2013;19(2):111\u20138.","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"3004_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1081346","volume":"74","author":"M Xu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Xu M, Liu L, Qi C, Deng B, Cai X. Sinomenine versus NSAIDs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Planta Med. 2008;74(12):1423\u20139.","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3004_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00005","volume":"151","author":"R Goldbach-Mansky","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goldbach-Mansky R, Wilson M, Fleischmann R, Olsen N, Silverfield J, Kempf P, et al. Comparison of Tripterygium wilfordii hook F versus sulfasalazine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):229\u201340 W49-51.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"3004_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","volume":"162","author":"B Hutton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hutton B, Salanti G, Caldwell DM, Chaimani A, Schmid CH, Cameron C, et al. The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(11):777\u201384.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"3004_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.0 [updated July 2019]. Cochrane. 2019; Available from https:\/\/training.cochrane.org\/handbook.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"3004_CR25","unstructured":"The Catalogue of Drugs for Basic National Medical Insurance (The 2017 Edition). 2017. Available from http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/xinwen\/2017-02\/23\/content_5170392.htm (accessed on 1 Oct 2018)."},{"issue":"2","key":"3004_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22552","volume":"57","author":"American College of Rheumatology Committee to Reevaluate Improvement C","year":"2007","unstructured":"American College of Rheumatology Committee to Reevaluate Improvement C. A proposed revision to the ACR20: the hybrid measure of American College of Rheumatology response. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57(2):193\u2013202.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"3004_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Sterne JAC. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.0 [updated July 2019]. Cochrane, 2019. Available from https:\/\/training.cochrane.org\/handbook\/current\/chapter-08.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch8"},{"issue":"3","key":"3004_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.201400064","volume":"58","author":"JS Chan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chan JS. Bayesian informative dropout model for longitudinal binary data with random effects using conditional and joint modeling approaches. Biom J. 2016;58(3):549\u201369.","journal-title":"Biom J"},{"key":"3004_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-103","volume":"14","author":"D Jackson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jackson D, Turner R, Rhodes K, Viechtbauer W. Methods for calculating confidence and credible intervals for the residual between-study variance in random effects meta-regression models. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:103.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3004_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2015.09.2730","volume":"18","author":"M Stephenson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stephenson M, Fleetwood K, Yellowlees A. Alternatives to Winbugs for network meta\u2013analysis. Value Health. 2015;18(7):A720.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"3004_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-015-0060-8","volume":"15","author":"G R\u00fccker","year":"2015","unstructured":"R\u00fccker G, Schwarzer G. Ranking treatments in frequentist network meta-analysis works without resampling methods. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2015;15:58.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3004_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-2521","volume":"164","author":"L Trinquart","year":"2016","unstructured":"Trinquart L, Attiche N, Bafeta A, Porcher R, Ravaud P. Uncertainty in treatment rankings: reanalysis of network meta-analyses of randomized trials. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(10):666\u201373.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"3004_CR33","volume":"39","author":"S Shim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shim S, Yoon BH, Shin IS, Bae JM. Network meta-analysis: application and practice using Stata. Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017047.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"3004_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76654","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076654","volume":"8","author":"A Chaimani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chaimani A, Higgins JP, Mavridis D, Spyridonos P, Salanti G. Graphical tools for network meta-analysis in STATA. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e76654.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"3004_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1085","volume":"4","author":"S Donegan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Donegan S, Williamson P, D'Alessandro U, Tudur SC. Assessing key assumptions of network meta-analysis: a review of methods. Res Synth Methods. 2013;4(4):291\u2013323.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"3004_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-131","volume":"14","author":"U Krahn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krahn U, Binder H, Konig J. Visualizing inconsistency in network meta-analysis by independent path decomposition. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:131.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"30","key":"3004_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5399","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6321","volume":"33","author":"D Mavridis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mavridis D, Welton NJ, Sutton A, Salanti G. A selection model for accounting for publication bias in a full network meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2014;33(30):5399\u2013412.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"3004_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00138","volume":"9","author":"W Cai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cai W, Gu Y, Cui H, Cao Y, Wang X, Yao Y, et al. The efficacy and safety of mainstream medications for patients with cDMARD-naive rheumatoid arthritis: a network meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:138.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"3004_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-12-150","volume":"12","author":"L Trinquart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Trinquart L, Chatellier G, Ravaud P. Adjustment for reporting bias in network meta-analysis of antidepressant trials. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2012;12:150.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3004_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007103","volume":"5","author":"AA Veroniki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Veroniki AA, Soobiah C, Tricco AC, Elliott MJ, Straus SE. Methods and characteristics of published network meta-analyses using individual patient data: protocol for a scoping review. BMJ Open. 2015;5(4):e007103.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"3004_CR41","first-page":"5221","volume":"15","author":"XM Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen XM, Wu JQ, Huang QC, Zhang JY, Pen JH, Huang ZS, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of Biqi capsule in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Exp Ther Med. 2018;15(6):5221\u201330.","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3004_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4117","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.4117","volume":"32","author":"H Zheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zheng H, Wang Z, Liu W, Jin H, Zhang J. Toxicokinetics of strychnine and brucine after the oral administration of Biqi capsule to rats by RRLC-MS\/MS. Biomed Chromatogr. 2018;32(3):e4117.","journal-title":"Biomed Chromatogr"},{"issue":"3","key":"3004_CR43","first-page":"89","volume":"22","author":"QS Feng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Feng QS, Wang GF, Wang QS, Gao LN, Cui YL. Anti-inflammatory activity comparison of aqueous extract with monomer components of Biqi capsule. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Formul. 2016;22(3):89\u201393.","journal-title":"Chin J Exp Tradit Med Formul"},{"issue":"2","key":"3004_CR44","first-page":"1067","volume":"43","author":"HN Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun HN, Luo YH, Meng LQ, Piao XJ, Wang Y, Wang JR, et al. Cryptotanshinone induces reactive oxygen speciesmediated apoptosis in human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblastlike synoviocytes. Int J Mol Med. 2019;43(2):1067\u201375.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3004_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040757","volume":"18","author":"P Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu P, Liang Q, Feng P, Li C, Yang C, Liang H, et al. A novel Brucine gel transdermal delivery system designed for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(4):757.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3004_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2014.03.028","volume":"68","author":"L Gu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gu L, Wang X, Liu Z, Ju P, Zhang L, Zhang Y, et al. A study of semen Strychni-induced renal injury and herb-herb interaction of Radix Glycyrrhizae extract and\/or Rhizoma Ligustici extract on the comparative toxicokinetics of strychnine and brucine in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014;68:226\u201333.","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3004_CR47","first-page":"67","volume":"31","author":"BS Naik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Naik BS, Chakrapani M. A rare case of brucine poisoning complicated by rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. Malays J Pathol. 2009;31(1):67\u20139.","journal-title":"Malays J Pathol"},{"key":"3004_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.03.017","volume":"77","author":"F Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu F, Wang X, Han X, Tan X, Kang W. Cytotoxicity and DNA interaction of brucine and strychnine-two alkaloids of semen strychni. Int J Biol Macromol. 2015;77:92\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3004_CR49","first-page":"50","volume":"24","author":"M Dong","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dong M, Liu X, Chen F, Shi M. Determination of protocatechualdehyde in yu xue bi granula. Zhong Yao Cai. 2001;24(1):50\u20131.","journal-title":"Zhong Yao Cai"},{"issue":"7","key":"3004_CR50","first-page":"771","volume":"30","author":"YT Huang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huang YT, Feng FH, Li SW. Clinical observation on treatment of knee osteoarthritis by wangbi tablet. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2010;30(7):771\u20132.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi"},{"issue":"3","key":"3004_CR51","first-page":"1666","volume":"42","author":"YY Guan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guan YY, Zhang Y, Liu LX, Li HD, Xue D, Bao WL, et al. Suppressive effects of WangBi tablet on adjuvantinduced arthritis in rats via NFkappaB and STAT3 signaling pathways. Int J Mol Med. 2018;42(3):1666\u201374.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3004_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1453-x","volume":"16","author":"T Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang T, Shen F, Su S, Bai Y, Guo S, Yan H, et al. Comparative analysis of four terpenoids in root and cortex of Tripterygium wilfordii Radix by different drying methods. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016;16(1):476.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3004_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13756","volume":"93","author":"P Su","year":"2018","unstructured":"Su P, Guan H, Zhao Y, Tong Y, Xu M, Zhang Y, et al. Identification and functional characterization of diterpene synthases for triptolide biosynthesis from Tripterygium wilfordii. Plant J. 2018;93(1):50\u201365.","journal-title":"Plant J"},{"issue":"3","key":"3004_CR54","first-page":"312","volume":"9","author":"MJ Xin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xin MJ, Cui SH, Liu S, Sun HC, Li F, Sun JB, et al. Triptolide prolonged allogeneic islet graft survival in chemically induced and spontaneously diabetic mice without impairment of islet function. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2010;9(3):312\u20138.","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"3004_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3109\/10428190109064582","volume":"42","author":"BJ Chen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chen BJ. Triptolide, a novel immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agent purified from a Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii hook F. Leuk Lymphoma. 2001;42(3):253\u201365.","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"issue":"3","key":"3004_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2010.11.018","volume":"11","author":"Q Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang Q, Li XK. Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activities of sinomenine. Int Immunopharmacol. 2011;11(3):373\u20136.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3004_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930701615159","volume":"40","author":"H Feng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Feng H, Yamaki K, Takano H, Inoue K, Yanagisawa R, Yoshino S. Effect of sinomenine on collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Autoimmunity. 2007;40(7):532\u20139.","journal-title":"Autoimmunity."}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-020-03004-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12906-020-03004-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-020-03004-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T23:14:18Z","timestamp":1625526858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12906-020-03004-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-020-03004-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-7671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-7671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 February 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The ethical approval was not necessary in this study because our NMA just gathered the RCTs from a literature search, and this procedure did not require any patients\u2019 personal data or harm any patients.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests in any aspects.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"210"}}