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Oral infections are the most prevalent diseases in man. The Rhus family has been found to have antimicrobial, antimalarial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Few studies have been done on<jats:italic>Rhus vulgaris<\/jats:italic>Meikle. A study was conducted to determine the effect of<jats:italic>Rhus vulgaris<\/jats:italic>Meikle stem bark extracts against selected oral pathogenic microorganisms and the safety of the extracts in vitro and in vivo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Methanol:dichloromethane (1:1), methanol and aqueous extracts were tested for bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects against Methicillin Resistant<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>(MRSA),<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>. Cytotoxicity of the active extracts was determined using Vero E6 cell lines while safety was evaluated in mice and rats. Phytochemical screening was performed on the methanol extracts. One-way ANOVA and Tukey\u2019s multiple comparisons tests were performed using IBM SPSS statistics 20.0 for antimicrobial assay and acute toxicity testing. One-way ANOVA and Dunnett\u2019s multiple comparison tests were conducted using GraphPad Prism 8.0 for cytotoxicity assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Methanol extract of<jats:italic>Rhus vulgaris<\/jats:italic>showed significant antimicrobial activity against MRSA (12.00\u2009\u00b1\u20090.00\u2009mm;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value of &lt;\u20090.005; Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of 0.391\u2009mg\/ml; Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of 1.563\u2009mg\/ml). The extract were not cytotoxic at 100\u2009\u03bcg\/ml which was the highest tested concentration. In acute dermal irritation testing, the methanol extract resulted in mild irritation with erythema and flaking that cleared within 8\u2009days. There were no observable adverse effects from oral administration of the extracts (acute oral toxicity testing) at concentrations of 50\u2009mg\/kg, 300\u2009mg\/kg and 2000\u2009mg\/kg. Tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, alkaloids and phenols were detected in the methanol extract.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antimicrobial activity of<jats:italic>R. vulgaris<\/jats:italic>extracts supports its traditional use as a toothbrush. Cytotoxicity demonstrated by the extracts as well as the mild skin irritation warrants further study before<jats:italic>R. vulgaris<\/jats:italic>can be recommended for the development of effective and safe mouthwashes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03063-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T07:03:46Z","timestamp":1599721426000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity and safety of Rhus vulgaris (Anacardiaceae) extracts"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Angela","family":"Mutuku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizzy","family":"Mwamburi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Keter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Ondicho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Korir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Kuria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Chemweno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Mwitari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3063_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517693566","volume":"96","author":"NJ Kassebaum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kassebaum NJ, Smith AG, Bernab\u00e9 E, Fleming TD, Reynolds AE, Vos T, Murray CJ, Marcenes W. 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