{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T22:47:51Z","timestamp":1786834071042,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605139200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Med Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The present study was designed to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activities of crude methanol extract and constituents isolated by Column Chromatography (CC) from<jats:italic>Cassia sieberiana<\/jats:italic>bark (CSB) against ten MDR Gram-negative bacteria, as well as the mechanisms of action of the most active sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The antibacterial activity of the tested samples (extract, the fractions and their compounds isolated by CC and the structures obtained by exploiting<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H and<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C<jats:italic>Nuclear magnetic resonance<\/jats:italic>(NMR) spectra) in the presence and absence of an efflux pumps inhibitor, phenylalanine-arginine \u03b2-naphthylamide (PA\u03b2N), was evaluated using the micro-dilution method. The effects of the most active sample were evaluated on the cell growth kinetic and on the bacterial H<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-ATPase proton pumps.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Phytochemical composition of the crude extract showed a rather selective distribution of secondary metabolites (presence of polyphenols, tannins, steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and absence of anthocyanins, anthraquinones). The tested samples displayed different antibacterial activities with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 64 to 512\u2009\u03bcg\/mL. Crude extract (CS) and fraction CSc showed the highest inhibitory spectra, both inhibiting all of the studied bacteria except<jats:italic>Enterobacter aerogenes<\/jats:italic>EA27 strain. Fraction CSc exerted bactericidal effects on most bacteria meanwhile, crude extract (CS) and sub-fraction CSc2 exerted bacteriostatic effects. Compounds 1 (spectaline) and 2 (iso-6-cassine) inhibited the growth of 70% (<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>ATCC8739 and AG102,<jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>ATCC11296,<jats:italic>Enterobacter aerogenes<\/jats:italic>ATCC13048 and EA27,<jats:italic>Providencia stuartii<\/jats:italic>ATCC29916,<jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>PA01) and 60% (<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>ATCC8739,<jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>ATCC11296 and KP55,<jats:italic>Providencia stuartii<\/jats:italic>ATCC29916,<jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>PA01 and PA124) of bacteria respectively with MICs ranging from 128 to 512\u2009\u03bcg\/mL. In the presence of PA\u03b2N, the activities of crude extract CS, fraction CAc and sub-fraction CSc2 strongly increased on most bacteria strains as their MICs significantly decreased. Sub-fraction CSc2 inhibited the H<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-ATPase proton pumps and altered growth kinetic of<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>ATCC8739.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall results justify the traditional use of<jats:italic>C. sieberiana<\/jats:italic>for the treatment of bacterial infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03148-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T14:03:10Z","timestamp":1605189790000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Bark extract of Cassia sieberiana DC. (Caesalpiniaceae) displayed good antibacterial activity against MDR gram-negative phenotypes in the presence of phenylalanine-arginine \u03b2-naphthylamide"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Marilene M. M.","family":"Ambadiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brice C. K.","family":"Atontsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simplice B.","family":"Tankeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Nayim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brice E. N.","family":"Wamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabin T. M.","family":"Bitchagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James D. S.","family":"Mpetga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronique B.","family":"Penlap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1070-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Kuete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1645","key":"3148_CR1","first-page":"2014","volume":"369","author":"C Dye","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dye C. Infectious diseases in a new era of health and development, \u201cPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B\u201d. Biol Sci. 2015;369(1645):2014.","journal-title":"Biol Sci"},{"key":"3148_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. D\u00e9claration conjointe OMS\/UNICEF. Prise en charge d\u2019une infection bact\u00e9rienne potentiellement grave chez le jeune nourrisson \u00e2g\u00e9 de 0 \u00e0 59 jours lorsqu\u2019un transfert vers une structure hospitali\u00e8re est impossible. Disponible sur http:\/\/www.who.int. Assessed on 15\/09\/18."},{"issue":"9859","key":"3148_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","volume":"380","author":"R Lozano","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 1990;380(9859):2095\u2013128.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3148_CR4","volume-title":"Pharmacol- ogy and chemistry","author":"V Kuete","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kuete V. Medicinal plant research in Africa. In: Kuete V, editor. Pharmacol- ogy and chemistry. Oxford: Elsevier; 2013."},{"key":"3148_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ashu FA, Na-Iya J, Wamba BEN, Kamga J, Nayim P, Ngameni B, Beng VP, Ngadjui BT, Kuete V. Antistaphylococcal activity of extracts, fractions, and compounds of Acacia polyacantha wild (Fabaceae). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/2654247.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2654247"},{"issue":"1","key":"3148_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.31183\/imcp.2020.00035","volume":"3","author":"LM Youmbi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Youmbi LM, BCK A, Tankeo SB, BEN W, Nayim P, Nganou BK, GTM B, Simo IK, JDS M, Penlap VB, Victor K. Antibacterial potential and mechanism of action of botanicals and phytochemicals from Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Verbenaceae) against Gram-negative multidrug-resistant phenotypes expressing efflux pumps. Investig Med Chem Pharmacol. 2020;3(1):35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31183\/imcp.2020.00035.","journal-title":"Investig Med Chem Pharmacol"},{"key":"3148_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nayim P, Mbaveng TA, Wamba NEB, Fankam AG, Dzotam JK, Kuete V. Antibacterial and antibiotics-potentiating activities of thirteen Cameroonian edible plants against gram-negative resistant phenotypes. Sci World J. 2018:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/4020294.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4020294"},{"key":"3148_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nguenang SG, Mbaveng TA, Fankam GA, Manekeng TH, Nayim P, Wamba NEB, Kuete V. Tristemma hirtum and five other Cameroonian edible plants with weak or no antibacterial effects modulate the activities of antibiotics against gram-negative multidrug-resistant phenotypes. Sci World J. 2018:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/7651482.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7651482"},{"issue":"13","key":"3148_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2006.03.018","volume":"67","author":"JR Nguemeving","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nguemeving JR, Azebaze AG, Kuete V, Eric Carly NN, Beng VP, Meyer M, Blond A, Bodo B, Nkengfack AE. Laurentixanthones a and B, antimicrobial xanthones from Vismia laurentii. Phytochemistry. 2006;67(13):1341\u20136.","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"issue":"21","key":"3148_CR10","first-page":"12","volume":"3","author":"GH Sam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sam GH, Mensah MLK, Nyakoa-Ofori N. Pharmacognostic studies and standardization of Cassia sieberiana roots. Pharm J. 2011;3(21):12\u20137.","journal-title":"Pharm J"},{"key":"3148_CR11","volume-title":"Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis (3e \u00e9d.)","author":"JB Harborne","year":"1998","unstructured":"Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis (3e \u00e9d.). New york: Chapman and Hall Limited; 1998."},{"key":"3148_CR12","first-page":"585","volume-title":"Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy","author":"WC Evans","year":"2002","unstructured":"Evans WC. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. 15th ed. Elsevier: A Division of Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Limited; 2002. p. 585.","edition":"15"},{"issue":"5","key":"3148_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01533-09","volume":"54","author":"V Kuete","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuete V, Ngameni B, Tangmouo JG, Bolla JM, Albert-Franco S, Ngadjui BT, Pag\u00e8s J-M. Efflux pumps are involved in the defense of gram-negative bacteria against the natural products isobavachalcone and diospyrone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010a;54(5):1749\u201352.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"3148_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3159","volume":"274","author":"J Chevalier","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chevalier J, Pages JM, Eyraud A, Mallea M. Membrane permeability modifications are involved in antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;274:496\u20139.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"3148_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00919-08","volume":"53","author":"V Lorenzi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lorenzi V, Muselli A, Bernardini AF, Berti L, Pages JM, Amaral L, Bolla JM. Geraniol restores antibiotic activities against multidrug-resistant isolates from gram-negative species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:2209\u201311.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"3148_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20030963","volume":"376","author":"M Mallea","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mallea M, Mahamoud A, Chevalier J, Alibert-Franco S, Brouant P, Barbe J, Pages JM. Alkylaminoquinolines inhibit the bacterial antibiotic efflux pump in multidrug-resistant clinicalisolates. Biochem J. 2003;376:801\u20135.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"3148_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32273","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.143305","volume":"285","author":"Q-T Tran","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tran Q-T, Mahendra KR, Hajjar A, Ceccarelli M, Davin-Regli A, Winterhalter M, Weingart H, Pag\u00e8s J-M. Implication of porins in \u00df-lactam resistance of Providencia stuartii. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:32273\u201381.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"3148_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-957563","volume":"64","author":"JN Eloff","year":"1998","unstructured":"Eloff JN. A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria. Planta Med. 1998;64:711\u20133.","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3148_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2005.08.002","volume":"72","author":"SPN Mativandlela","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mativandlela SPN, Lall N, Meyer JJM. Antibacterial, antifungal and antitubercular activity of (the roots of) Pelargonium reniforme (CURT) and Pelargonium sidoides (DC) (Geraniaceae) root extracts. S Afr J Bot. 2006;72(2):232\u20137.","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"key":"3148_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.07.026","volume":"120","author":"V Kuete","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kuete V, Ngameni B, Fotso SCC, Kengap TR, Tchaleu NB, Meyer JJM, et al. Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts and compounds from Ficus chlamydocarpa and Ficus cordata (Moraceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;120:17\u201324.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"3148_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2000.00943.x","volume":"88","author":"SD Cox","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cox SD, Mann CM, Markham JI, Bell HC, Gustafson JE, Warmington JR, Wyllie SG. The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). J Appl Microbiol. 2000;88:170\u20135.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"3148_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.4.491","volume":"47","author":"EK Manavathu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Manavathu EK, Dimmock JR, Sarvesh CV, Chandrasekar PH. Inhibition of H+-ATPase-mediated proton pumping in Cryptococcus neoformans by a novel conjugated styryl ketone. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001;47:491\u20134.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"3148_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1250027","volume":"76","author":"V Kuete","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuete V. Potential of Cameroonian plants and derived products against microbial infections: a review. Planta Med. 2010;76:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"3148_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.3923\/jm.2007.876.880","volume":"2","author":"D Gatsing","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gatsing D, Adoga GI. Antisalmonellal activity and phytochemical screening of various parts of Cassia petersiana (cesulpiniaceae). Res J Microbiol. 2007;2:876\u201380.","journal-title":"Res J Microbiol"},{"key":"3148_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2010.04.003","volume":"76","author":"V Kuete","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuete V, Poumale Poumale HM, Guedem AN, Shiono Y, Randrianasolo R, Ngadjui BT. Antimycobacterial, antibacterial and antifungal activities of the methanol extract and compounds from Thecacoris annobonae (Euphorbiaceae). S Afr J Bot. 2010b;76:536\u201342.","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"issue":"1","key":"3148_CR26","first-page":"9","volume":"2","author":"O Olajide","year":"2012","unstructured":"Olajide O, Afolayan M, Adewusi AJ, Adeyanju O. Antimicrobial activity and elemental analysis of Cassia sieberiana leaves using atomic absorbtion spectrophotometer. J Nat Prod Plant Resour. 2012;2(1):9\u201318.","journal-title":"J Nat Prod Plant Resour"},{"issue":"3","key":"3148_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.11648\/j.sjc.20150303.12","volume":"3","author":"DA Awomukwu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Awomukwu DA, Nyananyo BL, Ikpeama AI, Adieze CU. Comparative chemical constituents of some Cassia species and their pharmacognostic importance in south eastern Nigeria. Sci J Chem. 2015;3(3):40\u20139.","journal-title":"Sci J Chem"},{"issue":"44","key":"3148_CR28","first-page":"554","volume":"11","author":"A Traore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Traore A, Ouedraogo S, Bonewende BM, Kabore A, Guissou IP. Phytochemical analysis and ovicidal activity of Cassia sieberiana, Guiera senegalensis and Excoecaria grahamii extracts. Acad J. 2017;11(44):554\u201360.","journal-title":"Acad J"},{"key":"3148_CR29","first-page":"7","volume":"1","author":"HT Manekeng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Manekeng HT, Mbaveng AT, Nguenang GS, Seukep JA, Wamba BEN, Nayim P, Yinkfu NR, Kuete V. Anti-staphylococcal and antibiotic-potentiating activities of seven Cameroonian edible plants against resistant phenotypes. Investig Med Chem Pharmacol. 2018;1:7.","journal-title":"Investig Med Chem Pharmacol"},{"key":"3148_CR30","first-page":"21","volume":"14","author":"AM Modusolumuo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Modusolumuo AM, Nadro SM, Wurochekke UA. Antihepatotoxic properties of Cassia sieberiana in acetaminophen treated rats. Niger J Biochem Mol Biol. 1999;14:21\u20135.","journal-title":"Niger J Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3148_CR31","first-page":"180015","volume":"2","author":"Z Mohammed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammed Z, Bello H, Abdullahi YH, Abdurrahman EM. Evaluation of antidiarrheal potential of methanolic root extract of Cassia Sieberiana Dc. (Fabaceae) in mice. Alt Med Chiropractic OAJ. 2019;2(2):180015.","journal-title":"Alt Med Chiropractic OAJ"},{"key":"3148_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(88)80001-3","volume":"27","author":"SB Mahato","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mahato SB, Nandy AK, Roy G. Triterpenoids and saponins. Phytochem. 1988;27:3037\u201367.","journal-title":"Phytochem."},{"issue":"2","key":"3148_CR33","first-page":"026","volume":"3","author":"I Toma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Toma I, Karumi Y, Geidam MA. Phytochemical screening and toxicity studies of the aqueous extract of the pods pulp of Cassia sieberiana DC. (Cassia Kotchiyana Oliv.). Afr J Pure Appl Chem. 2009;3(2):026\u201330.","journal-title":"Afr J Pure Appl Chem"},{"key":"3148_CR34","first-page":"247","volume":"31","author":"GGF Nascimento","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nascimento GGF, Locatelli J, Freitas PC, Silva GL. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic resistant bacteria. Braz J Microbiol. 2000;31:247\u201356.","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3148_CR35","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"AB Aliyu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aliyu AB, Musa AM, Abdullahi MS, Oyewale AO. Phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Ludwigia suffruticosa (Willd.) Oliv. Ex. O. Ktze (Onagraceae). Int J Pure Appl Sci. 2008;2(4):1\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Pure Appl Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"3148_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.13005\/ojc\/350608","volume":"35","author":"K Kpegba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kpegba K, Eloh K, Evenamede KS, Afanyibo Y-G, Elomri A, Simalou O, Boyode P, Agbonon A, Seguin E. A comparative study of the chemical composition of the extracts from leaves, stem, bark, and root bark of Cassia sieberiana: antibacterial activities. Orient J Chem. 2019;35(6):1678\u201389.","journal-title":"Orient J Chem"},{"key":"3148_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.564","volume":"12","author":"MM Cowan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12:564\u201382.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"3148_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-014-1866-7","volume":"20","author":"SB Tankeo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tankeo SB, Lacmata ST, Noumedem JAK, Dzoyem JP, Kuiate J-R, Kuete V. Antibacterial and antibiotic-potentiation activities of some Cameroonian food plants against multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacteria. Chin J Integr Med. 2014;20(7):546\u201354.","journal-title":"Chin J Integr Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3148_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.c18-00817","volume":"67","author":"R Kameda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kameda R, Sohma T, Kobayashi K, Uchiyama R, Nosaka K, Konno H, Akaji K, Hattori Y. Convergent synthesis of trans-2,6-disubstituted piperidine alkaloid, (\u2212\u00ac)-iso-6-Spectaline by palladium-catalyzed cyclization. Chem Pharm Bull. 2019;67(3):253\u20137.","journal-title":"Chem Pharm Bull"},{"key":"3148_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(00)00152-0","volume":"71","author":"P Sansores-Peraza","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sansores-Peraza P, Rosado-Vallado M, Brito-Loeza W, Mena-Rejon GJ, Quijano L. Cassine, an antimicrobial alkaloid from Senna racemosa. Fitoterapia. 2000;71:690\u20132.","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"3148_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14194\/ijep.3.1.1","volume":"3","author":"AA Sain","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sain AA, Amanah A, Zahari Z, Salim RJM, Mansor SM, Adenan MI. (+)-Spectaline, a piperidine alkaloid from Senna spectabilis DC. effective in reducing the in vitro infection of Leishmania major. Int J Pharmacol Phytochemistry Ethnomed; ISSN: 2297\u20136922. 2016;3:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Pharmacol Phytochemistry Ethnomed"},{"key":"3148_CR42","first-page":"826","volume":"2009","author":"J-M Pag\u00e8s","year":"1794","unstructured":"Pag\u00e8s J-M, Amaral L. Mechanisms of drug efflux and strategies to combat them: challenging the efflux pump of gram-negative bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1794;2009:826\u201333.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"24","key":"3148_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4928","DOI":"10.1021\/jm9904598","volume":"42","author":"TE Renau","year":"1999","unstructured":"Renau TE, Leger R, Flamme EM, Sangalang J, She MW, Yen R, Gannon CL, Griffith D, Chamberland S, Lomovskaya O, Hecker SJ, Lee VJ, Ohta T, Nakayama K. Inhibitors of efflux pumps in Pseudomonas aeruginosa potentiate the activity of the fluoroquinolone antibacterial levofloxacin. J Med Chem. 1999;42(24):4928\u201331.","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"3148_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2200","volume":"6","author":"O Lomovskaya","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lomovskaya O, Zgurskaya HI, Totrov M, Watkins WJ. Waltzing transporters and the dance macabre between humans and bacteria. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007;6:56\u201365.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"13","key":"3148_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211795703726","volume":"17","author":"PG Tegos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tegos PG, Haynes M, Strouse JJ, Khan TMM, Bologa GC, Oprea IT, Sklar AL. Microbial efflux pump inhibition: tactiCSB and strategies. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(13):1291\u2013302.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"3148_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Askoura M, Mottawea W, Abujamel T, Taher I. Efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) as new antimicrobial agents against Pseudomonas aeruginos a. Libyan J Med. 2011;6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/ljm.v6i0.5870.","DOI":"10.3402\/ljm.v6i0.5870"},{"key":"3148_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03732.x","volume":"49","author":"M Fujita","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fujita M, Shiota S, Kuroda T, Hatano T, Yoshida T, Mizushima T, Tsuchiya T. Remarkable synergies between baicalein and tetracycline, and baicalein and \u03b2-lactams against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Immunol. 2005;49:391\u20136.","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"3148_CR48","unstructured":"Bakli S. Activit\u00e9 antibact\u00e9rienne des fractions chromatographiques des extraits ph\u00e9noliques de Pistacia lentiscus (M\u00e9moire en vue de l\u2019obtention du dipl\u00f4me de Magister en Biologie): Universit\u00e9 Abderahmane Mira de Bejaia; 2010."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"3148_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4157(81)90004-6","volume":"650","author":"E Padan","year":"1981","unstructured":"Padan E, Zilberstein D, Schuldiner S. pH homeostasis in bacteria. Biochim BiophysActa. 1981;650(2\u20133):151\u201366.","journal-title":"Biochim BiophysActa"},{"issue":"5","key":"3148_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)89694-6","volume":"260","author":"H Kobayashi","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kobayashi H. A proto-translocating of ATPase regulates pH of the bacterial cytoplasm. J Biol Chem. 1985;260(5):72\u20135.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-020-03148-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12906-020-03148-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-020-03148-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T05:12:37Z","timestamp":1697087557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12906-020-03148-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-020-03148-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-7671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-7671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"VK is a Section Editor of BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine; all the other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"342"}}