{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T03:27:59Z","timestamp":1788406079019,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This study was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education Egypt, the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan","award":["18H02337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H02337"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Med Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The antiprotozoal and antioxidant activities of <jats:italic>Viola tricolor<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Laurus nobilis<\/jats:italic> have been reported recently. Thus, the existing study pursued to assess the growth inhibition effect of methanolic extract of <jats:italic>V. tricolor<\/jats:italic> (MEVT) and acetonic extract of <jats:italic>L. nobilis<\/jats:italic> (AELN) against five <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> parasites and <jats:italic>Theileria equi<\/jats:italic> in vitro and in vivo.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>MEVT and AELN suppressed <jats:italic>Babesia bovis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>B. bigemina<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>B. divergens<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>B. caballi<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>T. equi<\/jats:italic> growth at half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) values of 75.7\u2009\u00b1\u20092.6, 43.3\u2009\u00b1\u20091.8, 67.6\u2009\u00b1\u20092.8<jats:bold>,<\/jats:bold> 48\u2009\u00b1\u20093.8, 54\u2009\u00b1\u20092.1\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, and 86.6\u2009\u00b1\u20098.2, 33.3\u2009\u00b1\u20095.1, 62.2\u2009\u00b1\u20093.3, 34.5\u2009\u00b1\u20097.5 and 82.2\u2009\u00b1\u20099.3\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, respectively. Qualitative phytochemical estimation revealed that both extracts containing multiple bioactive constituents and significant amounts of flavonoids and phenols. The toxicity assay revealed that MEVT and AELN affected the mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH\/3\u2009T3) and Madin\u2013Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell viability with half-maximum effective concentrations (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) of 930\u2009\u00b1\u200929.9, 1260\u2009\u00b1\u200918.9\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, and 573.7\u2009\u00b1\u200912.4, 831\u2009\u00b1\u200919.9\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, respectively, while human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) cell viability was not influenced even at 1500\u2009\u03bcg\/mL. The in vivo experiment revealed that the oral administration of MEVT and AELN prohibited <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic> multiplication in mice by 35.1 and 56.1%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These analyses indicate the prospects of MEVT and AELN as good candidates for isolating new anti-protozoal compounds which could assist in the development of new drug molecules with new drug targets.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-2848-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T06:03:08Z","timestamp":1584424988000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, phytochemical screening and antiprotozoal effects of the methanolic Viola tricolor and acetonic Laurus nobilis extracts"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7817-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaber El-Saber","family":"Batiha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amany Magdy","family":"Beshbishy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luay","family":"Alkazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluyomi Stephen","family":"Adeyemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Nadwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Rashwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amany","family":"El-Mleeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikuo","family":"Igarashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2848_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batiha GE-S, Beshbishy AM, Guswanto A, Nugraha AB, Munkhjargal T, Abdel-Daim MM, et al. Phytochemical characterization and chemotherapeutic potential of Cinnamomum verum extracts on the multiplication of protozoan parasites in vitro and in vivo. Molecules. 2020a;25(4):996.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25040996"},{"key":"2848_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3520-x","volume":"12","author":"AM Beshbishy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beshbishy AM, Batiha GE, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Ellagic acid microspheres restrict the growth of Babesia and Theileria in vitro and Babesia microti in vivo. Parasit Vectors. 2019a;12:269.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2848_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.04.016","volume":"10","author":"GE-S Batiha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Batiha GE-S, Beshbishy AA, Tayebwa DS, Shaheen MH, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Inhibitory effects of Syzygium aromaticum and Camellia sinensis methanolic extracts on the growth of Babesia and Theileria parasites. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2019b;10:949\u201358.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2848_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batiha GE-S, Beshbishy AM, Adeyemi OS, Nadwa E, Rashwan E, Yokoyama N, et al. Safety and efficacy of hydroxyurea and eflornithine against most blood parasites Babesia and Theileria. PLoS ONE. 2020b;15(2):e0228996.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228996"},{"key":"2848_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.04.024","volume":"136","author":"VK Dua","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dua VK, Verma G, Agarwal D, Kaiser DM, Brun R. Antiprotozoal activities of traditional medicinal plants from the Garhwal region of northwest Himalaya. India J Ethnopharm. 2011;136:123\u20138.","journal-title":"India J Ethnopharm"},{"key":"2848_CR6","first-page":"637","volume":"31","author":"B Ozcan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ozcan B, Esen M, Sangun MK, Coleri A, Caliskan M. Effective antibacterial and antioxidant properties of methanolic extract of Laurus nobilis seed oil. J Environ Biol. 2010;31:637\u201341.","journal-title":"J Environ Biol"},{"key":"2848_CR7","first-page":"595","volume":"1","author":"R Patrakar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Patrakar R, Mansuriya M, Patil P. Phytochemical and pharmacological review on Laurus nobilis. Int J Pharm Chem Sci. 2012;1:595\u2013602.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Chem Sci"},{"key":"2848_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5909","volume":"31","author":"Z Feyzabadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feyzabadi Z, Ghorbani F, Vazani Y, Zarshenas MM. A critical review on phytochemistry, pharmacology of Viola odorata L. and related multipotential products in traditional Persian medicine. Phytother Res. 2017;31:1669\u201375.","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"2848_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.10.044","volume":"151","author":"R Hellinger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hellinger R, Koehbach J, Fedchuk H, Sauer B, Huber R, Gruber CW, et al. Immunosuppressive activity of an aqueous Viola tricolor herbal extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151:299\u2013306.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2848_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2005.03.005","volume":"76","author":"E Witkowska-Banaszczak","year":"2005","unstructured":"Witkowska-Banaszczak E, Bylka W, Matlawska I, Goslinska O, Muszynski Z. Antimicrobial activity of Viola tricolor herb. Fitoterapia. 2005;76:458\u201361.","journal-title":"Fitoterapia."},{"key":"2848_CR11","first-page":"2316","volume":"6","author":"RK Bachheti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bachheti RK, Yousuf S, Sharama RG, Joshi A, Mathur A. Screening of Viola patrinii for antioxidant potential and presence of phytochemicals. Int J Chem Tech Res. 2014;6:2316\u201322.","journal-title":"Int J Chem Tech Res"},{"key":"2848_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203043379495","volume":"5","author":"U Goransson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Goransson U, Svangard E, Claeson P, Bohlin L. Novel strategies for isolation and characterization of cyclotides: the discovery of bioactive macrocyclic plant polypeptides in the Violaceae. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2004;5:317\u201329.","journal-title":"Curr Protein Pept Sci"},{"key":"2848_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22395","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M501737200","volume":"280","author":"B Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen B, Colgrave ML, Daly NL, Rosengren KJ, Gustafson KR, Craik DJ. Isolation and characterization of novel cyclotides from Viola hederaceae: solution structure and anti-HIV activity of vhl-1, a leaf-specific expressed cyclotide. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:22395\u2013405.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2848_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.01.123","volume":"179","author":"A Koike","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koike A, Barreira JCM, Barros L, Santos-Buelga C, Villavicencio ALCH, Ferreira ICFR. Edible flowers of Viola tricolor L. as a new functional food: antioxidant activity, individual phenolics and effects of gamma and electron-beam irradiation. Food Chem. 2015;179:6\u201314.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"2848_CR15","first-page":"440","volume":"56","author":"A Toiu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Toiu A, Vlase L, Oniga I, Tamas M. Quantitative analysis of some phenolic compounds from Viola species tinctures. Farmacia J. 2008;56:440\u20135.","journal-title":"Farmacia J"},{"key":"2848_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s10600-009-9244-y","volume":"45","author":"T Anca","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anca T, Philippe V, Ilioara O, Mircea T. Composition of essential oils of Viola tricolor and V. arvensis from Romania. Chem Nat Comp. 2009;45:91\u20132.","journal-title":"Chem Nat Comp"},{"key":"2848_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1021\/np030101l","volume":"67","author":"E Svangard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Svangard E, Goransson U, Hocaoglu Z, Gullbo J, Larsson R, Claeson P, et al. Cytotoxic cyclotides from Viola tricolor. J Nat Prod. 2004;67:144\u20137.","journal-title":"J Nat Prod"},{"key":"2848_CR18","first-page":"525","volume":"111","author":"A Toiu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Toiu A, Parvu AE, Oniga I, Tamas M. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of alcoholic extract from Viola tricolor. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2007;111:525\u20139.","journal-title":"Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi"},{"issue":"6","key":"2848_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-011-0076-y","volume":"42","author":"MP Porrini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Porrini MP, Fern\u00e1ndez NJ, Garrido PM, Gende LB, Medici SK, Eguaras MJ. In vivo evaluation of antiparasitic activity of plant extracts on nosema ceranae (microsporidia). Apidologie. 2011;42(6):700\u20137.","journal-title":"Apidologie."},{"issue":"2","key":"2848_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.08.040","volume":"150","author":"M Piana","year":"2013","unstructured":"Piana M, Silva MA, Trevisan G, de Brum TF, Silva CR, Boligon AA, et al. Antiinflammatory effects of Viola tricolor gel in a model of sunburn in rats and the gel stability study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013;150(2):458\u201365.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2848_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0279-8","volume":"100","author":"H-I Moon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moon H-I, Jung J-C, Lee J. Antiplasmodial activity of triterpenoid isolated from whole plants of Viola genus from South Korea. Parasitol Res. 2006;100:641\u20134.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"2848_CR22","first-page":"202","volume":"4","author":"AM Emam","year":"2010","unstructured":"Emam AM, Mohamed MA, Diab YM, Megally NY, Mohamed DY. Isolation and structure elucidation of antioxidant compounds from leaves of Laurus nobilis and Emex spinosus. Drug Discov Ther. 2010;4:202\u20137.","journal-title":"Drug Discov Ther"},{"key":"2848_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.09.029","volume":"62","author":"S Pacifico","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pacifico S, Gallicchio M, Lorenz P, Potenza N, Galasso S, Marciano S, et al. Apolar Laurus nobilis leaf extracts induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis towards three nervous system cell lines. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;62:628\u201337.","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2848_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2009.10643777","volume":"12","author":"N Bouzouita","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bouzouita N, El Omri A, Kachouri F, Wathelet J, Marlier M, Chaabouni MM. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Laurus nobilis floral buds essential oil. J Essent Oil Bear Pl. 2009;12(6):694\u2013702.","journal-title":"J Essent Oil Bear Pl"},{"key":"2848_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1573(200006)14:4<240::AID-PTR573>3.0.CO;2-X","volume":"14","author":"FA Santos","year":"2000","unstructured":"Santos FA, Rao VS. Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects of 1,8-cineole a terpenoid oxide present in many plant essential oils. Phytother Res. 2000;14:240\u20134.","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"2848_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2001.9699624","volume":"13","author":"NA Braun","year":"2001","unstructured":"Braun NA, Meier M, Kohlenberg B, Hammerschmidt FJ. \u03b4-Terpinyl acetate: a new natural component from the essential leaf oil of Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae). J Essent Oil Res. 2001;13:95\u20137.","journal-title":"J Essent Oil Res"},{"key":"2848_CR27","first-page":"136","volume":"8","author":"R Abu-Dahab","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abu-Dahab R, Kasabri V, Afifi FU. Evaluation of the volatile oil composition and antiproliferative activity of Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) on breast cancer cell line models. Rec Nat Prod. 2014;8:136\u201347.","journal-title":"Rec Nat Prod"},{"key":"2848_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(02)00060-6","volume":"73","author":"B Kiv\u00e7ak","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kiv\u00e7ak B, Mert T. Preliminary evaluation of cytotoxic properties of Laurus nobilis leaf extracts. Fitoterapia. 2002;73:242\u20133.","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2848_CR29","first-page":"3818","volume":"3","author":"H Derwich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Derwich H, Benziane Z, Boukir A. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of leaves essential oil of Laurus nobilis from Morocco. Aust J Basic & Appl Sci. 2009;3(4):3818\u201324.","journal-title":"Aust J Basic & Appl Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2848_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15053378","volume":"15","author":"B Kaurinovic","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaurinovic B, Popovic M, Vlaisavljevic S. In vitro and in vivo effects of Laurus nobilis L. leaf extracts. Molecules. 2010;15(5):3378\u201390.","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"issue":"4","key":"2848_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24040804","volume":"24","author":"H Fidan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fidan H, Stefanova G, Kostova I, Stankov S, Damyanova S, Stoyanova A, Zheljazkov VD. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Laurus nobilis L. Essential oils from Bulgaria. Molecules. 2019;24(4):804.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"2848_CR32","first-page":"367","volume":"12","author":"SS Basak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Basak SS, Candan F. Effect of Laurus nobilis L. essential oil and its main components on \u03b1-glucosidase and reactive oxygen species scavenging activity. Iran J Pharm Res. 2013;12(2):367\u201379.","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"key":"2848_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.267586","volume":"12","author":"AM Beshbishy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beshbishy AM, Batiha GE-S, Adeyemi OS, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Inhibitory effects of methanolic Olea europaea and acetonic Acacia laeta on the growth of Babesia and Theileria. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2019b;12:425\u201334.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"key":"2848_CR34","first-page":"1","volume":"17","author":"GE-S Batiha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Batiha GE-S, Beshbishy AA, Tayebwa DS, Shaheen MH, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Inhibitory effects of Uncaria tomentosa bark, Myrtus communis roots, Origanum vulgare leaves and Cuminum cyminum seeds extracts against the growth of Babesia and Theileria in vitro. Jap J Vet Parasitol. 2018;17:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Jap J Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2848_CR35","volume-title":"Trease and Evans pharmacognosy SIXTEENTH EDITION. Trease and Evans pharmacognosy","author":"E Hamdy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamdy E. Trease and Evans pharmacognosy SIXTEENTH EDITION. Trease and Evans pharmacognosy; 2009."},{"key":"2848_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6869294","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6869294","volume":"2018","author":"S Jhaumeer Laulloo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jhaumeer Laulloo S, Bhowon MG, Soyfoo S, Chua LS. Nutritional and biological evaluation of leaves of Mangifera indica from Mauritius. J Chem. 2018;2018:6869294.","journal-title":"J Chem"},{"key":"2848_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(98)00102-2","volume":"64","author":"J Zhishen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem. 1999;64:555\u20139.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2848_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E115","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25010115","volume":"25","author":"XK Ma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma XK, Li XF, Zhang JY, Lei J, Li WW, Wang G. Analysis of the volatile components in Selaginella doederleinii by headspace solid phase micro extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Molecules. 2019;25(1):E115.","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"2848_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030550","volume":"25","author":"GE-S Batiha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Batiha GE-S, Beshbishy AM, Adeyemi OS, Nadwa EH, Rashwan EM, Alkazmi LM, Elkelish AA, Igarashi I. Phytochemical screening and antiprotozoal effects of the methanolic Berberis vulgaris and acetonic Rhus coriaria extracts. Molecules. 2020;25:550.","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"2848_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007030","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007030","volume":"13","author":"GE-S Batiha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Batiha GE-S, Beshbishy AM, Tayebwa DS, Adeyemi OS, Shaheen H, Yokoyama N, et al. The effects of trans-chalcone and chalcone 4 hydrate on the growth of Babesia and Theileria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019a;13:e0007030.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2848_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beshbishy AM, Batiha GE-S, Alkazmi L, Nadwa E, Rashwan E, Abdeen A, et al. Therapeutic effects of atranorin towards the proliferation of Babesia and Theileria parasites. Pathogen. 2020;9(2):E127.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020127"},{"key":"2848_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3923\/crc.2015.44.52","volume":"7","author":"D Chandra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chandra D, Kohli G, Prasad K, Bisht G, Punetha VD, Khetwal KS, Devrani MK, Pandey HK. Phytochemical and ethnomedicinal uses of family Violaceae. Cur Res Chemi. 2015;7:44\u201352.","journal-title":"Cur Res Chemi"},{"key":"2848_CR43","first-page":"743","volume":"12","author":"A Alejo-Armijo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alejo-Armijo A, Altarejos J, Salido S. Phytochemicals and biological activities of Laurel tree (Laurus nobilis). Nat Prod Comm. 2017;12:743\u201357.","journal-title":"Nat Prod Comm"},{"issue":"5","key":"2848_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2018.v11i5.24288","volume":"11","author":"SF Jasim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jasim SF, Baqer NN, Alraheem EA. Detection of phytochemical constituent in flowers of Viola Odorata by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2018;11(5):262\u20139.","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm Clin Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2848_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.22354\/in.v23i2.777","volume":"23","author":"JC Casta\u00f1o Osorio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Casta\u00f1o Osorio JC, Giraldo Garc\u00eda AM. Antiparasitic phytotherapy perspectives, scope and current development. Infectio. 2019;23(2):189\u2013204.","journal-title":"Infectio"},{"key":"2848_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727042","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/727042","volume":"2013","author":"AV Colares","year":"2013","unstructured":"Colares AV, Almeida-Souza F, Taniwaki NN, Souza C, da Costa JG, Calabrese K, Abreu-Silva AL. In vitro antileishmanial activity of essential oil of Vanillosmopsis arborea (Asteraceae) baker. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:727042.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"2848_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24061158","volume":"24","author":"TB Le","year":"2019","unstructured":"Le TB, Beaufay C, Nghiem DT, Pham TA, Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Quetin-Leclercq J. Evaluation of the anti-trypanosomal activity of vietnamese essential oils, with emphasis on Curcuma longa L. and its components. Molecules. 2019;24:1158.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"6","key":"2848_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2017.63.6.15","volume":"63","author":"UK Sharma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma UK, Sharma AK, Gupta A, Kumar R, Pandey A, Pandey AK. Pharmacological activities of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol: antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-leishmanial studies. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2017;63(6):73\u20138.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand)"},{"key":"2848_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6587150","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6587150","volume":"2019","author":"EC Luna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luna EC, Luna IS, Scotti L, Monteiro AFM, Scotti MT, de Moura RO, de Ara\u00fajo RSA, Monteiro KLC, de Aquino TM, Ribeiro FF, Mendon\u00e7a FJB. Active essential oils and their components in use against neglected diseases and Arboviruses. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:6587150.","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-020-2848-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12906-020-2848-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-020-2848-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T00:10:58Z","timestamp":1615939858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12906-020-2848-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2848"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-020-2848-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-7671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-7671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The experiments described in this study were conducted according to the rules of care description and animal use in research published by Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan. The protocol was approved by the Animal Experimentation Ethics committee at Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (accession number of the animal experiments: 28\u2013111-2\/28\u2013110). These regulations were established by Fundamental Guidelines for Proper Conduct of Animal Experiment and Related Activities in Academic Research Institutions, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports and Technology (MEXT), Japan.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"87"}}