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The current study aimed at discovering new inhibitors of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>spp., using anti-leishmanial activity-guided investigation approach of extracts from<jats:italic>Diospyros gracilescens<\/jats:italic>G\u00fcrke (1911) (Ebenaceae), targeting the extracellular (promastigotes) and intracellular (amastigotes) forms of<jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The plant extracts were prepared by maceration using H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>0: EtOH (30:70, v\/v) and further fractionated using a bio-guided approach. Different concentrations of<jats:italic>D. gracilescens<\/jats:italic>extracts, fractions and isolated compounds were tested in triplicate against<jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>promastigotes and amastigotes in vitro. The antileishmanial potency and cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7 cells were determined using the resazurin colorimetric assay. The time kill kinetic profile of the most active sample was also investigated. The structures of all compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS and by comparison of their data with those reported in the literature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The hydroethanolic crude extract of<jats:italic>D. gracilescens<\/jats:italic>trunk showed the most potent antileishmanial activity (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u20095.84\u2009\u03bcg\/mL). Further fractionation of this extract led to four (4) fractions of which, the hexane fraction showed the most potent activity (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u20090.79\u2009\u03bcg\/mL), and seven (07) compounds that exhibited moderate potency (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u200913.69\u2013241.71\u2009\u03bcM) against<jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>. Compound 1-deoxyinositol (7) inhibited the promastigote and amastigote forms of<jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>with IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>values of 241.71\u2009\u03bcM and 120\u2009\u03bcM respectively and also showed the highest selectivity against<jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>promastigotes (SI\u2009&gt;\u20095.04). To the best of our knowledge, the antileishmanial activity of this compound is being reported here for the first time. The promising hexane fraction showed significant inhibition of parasites growth at different concentrations, but with no evidence of cidal effect over an exposure period of 120\u2009h.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results obtained indicated that the hydroethanolic extract from the<jats:italic>D. gracilescens<\/jats:italic>trunk and the derived hexane fraction have very potent inhibitory effect on cultivated promastigotes and amastigotes of<jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>parasite. The isolated compounds showed a lesser extent of potency and selectivity. However, further structure-activity-relationship studies of 1-deoxyinositol could lead to more potent and selective hit derivatives of interest for detailed drug discovery program against visceral leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03279-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T08:02:42Z","timestamp":1617177762000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Bio-guided isolation of anti-leishmanial natural products from Diospyros gracilescens L. 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