{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T19:23:51Z","timestamp":1771269831966,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624579200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Med Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\u03b2-lactam antibiotics are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics consisting of all antibiotic agents that contain a \u03b2-lactam ring in their molecular structures. \u03b2-lactam antibiotics are only known to be isolated from fungi (e.g. <jats:italic>Acremonium chrysogenum, Penicillium chrysogenum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Aspergillus nidulans<\/jats:italic>) and bacteria (e.g. <jats:italic>Streptomyces clavuligerus<\/jats:italic>). We have shown that botanical extracts prepared from <jats:italic>Larrea tridentata<\/jats:italic> have strong antimicrobial activity against several bacteria, including members of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> genera.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Through resistance studies, inhibitor assays, and ELISA testing, we demonstrated <jats:italic>L. tridentata<\/jats:italic> extracts may contain a \u03b2-lactam type antibiotic activity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Based on the estimated \u03b2-lactam concentration within the extract, the antimicrobial activity of the <jats:italic>L. tridentata<\/jats:italic> extract was approximately 2000\u20138000-fold greater against <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> as compared to other \u03b2-lactams, penicillin or ampicillin. In the <jats:italic>L. tridentata<\/jats:italic> extract, this increased activity was found to be associated with the likely presence of a cofactor leading to increased potentiation of the \u03b2-lactam activity. This potentiation activity was also observed to enhance the activity of exogenously added natural penicillin antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Although constituents were not isolated in this study, the results obtained strongly support the presence of \u03b2-lactam type antibiotic activity and antibiotic potentiation activity present in ethanolic extracts prepared from <jats:italic>L. tridentata<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03344-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T13:03:14Z","timestamp":1624626194000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Characterization of the antibacterial activity from ethanolic extracts of the botanical, Larrea tridentata"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanne","family":"Gerstel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3653-8844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Langland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3344_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3587-6","volume":"92","author":"N Kardos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kardos N, Demain AL. Penicillin: the medicine with the greatest impact on therapeutic outcomes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011;92(4):677\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-011-3587-6.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3344_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1039\/C2NP20065A","volume":"30","author":"RB Hamed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hamed RB, Gomez-Castellanos JR, Henry L, Ducho C, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ. The enzymes of \u03b2-lactam biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep. 2013;30(1):21\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C2NP20065A.","journal-title":"Nat Prod Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"3344_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.017","volume":"159","author":"H Cho","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cho H, Uehara T, Bernhardt TG. \u0392-lactam antibiotics induce a lethal malfunctioning of the bacterial cell wall synthesis machinery. 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The authors are not members of the editorial board for this journal.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"177"}}