{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T10:20:15Z","timestamp":1792491615326,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Med Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We previously reported that the tomato glycoalkaloid tomatine inhibited the growth of <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> strain G3, <jats:italic>Tritrichomonas foetus<\/jats:italic> strain D1, and <jats:italic>Tritrichomonas foetus<\/jats:italic>-like strain C1 that cause disease in humans and farm and domesticated animals. The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance requires development of new tools to enhance or replace medicinal antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Wild tomato plants were harvested and divided into leaves, stems, and fruit of different colors: green, yellow, and red. Samples were freeze dried and ground with a handheld mill. The resulting powders were evaluated for their potential anti-microbial effects on protozoan parasites, bacteria, and fungi. A concentration of 0.02% (w\/v) was used for the inhibition of protozoan parasites. A high concentration of 10% (w\/v) solution was tested for bacteria and fungi as an initial screen to evaluate potential anti-microbial activity and results using this high concentration limits its clinical relevance.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Natural powders derived from various parts of tomato plants were all effective in inhibiting the growth of the three trichomonads to varying degrees. Test samples from leaves, stems, and immature \u2018green\u2019 tomato peels and fruit, all containing tomatine, were more effective as an inhibitor of the D1 strain than those prepared from yellow and red tomato peels which lack tomatine. Chlorogenic acid and quercetin glycosides were present in all parts of the plant and fruit, while caffeic acid was only found in the fruit peels. Any correlation between plant components and inhibition of the G3 and C1 strains was not apparent, although all the powders were variably effective. Tomato leaf was the most effective powder in all strains, and was also the highest in tomatine. <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic> showed a minor susceptibility while <jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> fungi both showed a significant growth inhibition with some of the test powders. The powders inhibited growth of the pathogens without affecting beneficial lactobacilli found in the normal flora of the vagina.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results suggest that powders prepared from tomato leaves, stems, and green tomato peels and to a lesser extent from peels from yellow and red tomatoes offer potential multiple health benefits against infections caused by pathogenic protozoa, bacteria, and fungi, without affecting beneficial lactobacilli that also reside in the normal flora of the vagina.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03391-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T14:03:03Z","timestamp":1631541783000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Antimicrobial properties of tomato leaves, stems, and fruit and their relationship to chemical composition"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Christina C.","family":"Tam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Okhun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa W.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirkwood M.","family":"Land","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2582-7517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mendel","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"3391_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz442","volume":"222","author":"RW Eisinger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eisinger RW, Erbelding E, Fauci AS. Refocusing research on sexually transmitted infections. J Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 1;222(9):1432\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiz442.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"3391_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.228486","volume":"97","author":"J Rowley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Korenromp E, Low N, Unemo M, Abu-Raddad LJ, et al. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull World Health Organ. 2019;97(8):548\u201362P. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/BLT.18.228486.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"3391_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.08.012","volume":"212","author":"V Morin-Adeline","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morin-Adeline V, Mueller K, Conesa A, \u0160lapeta J. Comparative RNA-seq analysis of the Tritrichomonas foetus PIG30\/1 isolate from pigs reveals close association with Tritrichomonas foetus BP-4 isolate \u2018bovine genotype\u2019. Vet Parasitol. 2015;212(3\u20134):111\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.08.012.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"3391_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.06.024","volume":"243","author":"CC Okafor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Okafor CC, Strickland LG, Jones BM, Kania S, Anderson DE, Whitlock BK. Prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus in Tennessee bulls. Vet Parasitol. 2017;243:169\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.06.024.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"s1","key":"3391_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s165","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118000708","volume":"12","author":"MD Givens","year":"2018","unstructured":"Givens MD. Review: risks of disease transmission through semen in cattle. Animal Int J of Animal Bioscie. 2018;12(s1):s165\u2013s71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1751731118000708.","journal-title":"Animal Int J of Animal Bioscie"},{"issue":"3","key":"3391_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X17693499","volume":"19","author":"JL Gookin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gookin JL, Hanrahan K, Levy MG. The conundrum of feline Trichomonosis. J Feline Med Surg. 2017;19(3):261\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612X17693499.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"3391_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12867","volume":"97","author":"A Paul","year":"2019","unstructured":"Paul A, Stayt J. The intestinal microbiome in dogs and cats with diarrhoea as detected by a faecal polymerase chain reaction-based panel in Perth. Western Australia Aust Vet J. 2019;97(10):418\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/avj.12867.","journal-title":"Western Australia Aust Vet J"},{"issue":"46","key":"3391_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8806","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04030","volume":"64","author":"J Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu J, Kanetake S, Wu Y-H, Tam C, Cheng LW, Land KM, et al. Anti-protozoal effects of the tomato tetrasaccharide glycoalkaloid tomatine and the aglycone tomatidine on mucosal trichomonads. J Agric Food Chem. 2016;64(46):8806\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04030.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"3391_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"No. 461","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1967-x","volume":"17","author":"SM Noritake","year":"2017","unstructured":"Noritake SM, Liu J, Kanetake S, Levin CE, Tam C, Cheng LW, et al. Phytochemical-rich foods inhibit the growth of pathogenic trichomonads. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):No. 461.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"30","key":"3391_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7942","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b01726","volume":"66","author":"M Friedman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Friedman M, Huang V, Quiambao Q, Noritake S, Liu J, Kwon O, et al. Potato peels and their bioactive glycoalkaloids and phenolic compounds inhibit the growth of pathogenic trichomonads. J Agric Food Chem. 2018;66(30):7942\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b01726.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"13","key":"3391_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25133101","volume":"25","author":"M Friedman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Friedman M, Xu A, Lee R, Nguyen DN, Phan TA, Hamada SM, et al. The inhibitory activity of anthraquinones against pathogenic protozoa, bacteria, and fungi and the relationship to structure. Molecules. 2020;25(13):E3101.","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"3391_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Friedman M, Tam CC, Cheng LW, Land KM. Anti-trichomonad activities of different compounds from foods, marine products, and medicinal plants: a review. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1)(271):1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-020-03061-9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03061-9"},{"key":"3391_CR13","first-page":"43","volume":"15","author":"M Friedman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Friedman M, Kozukue N, Mizuno M, Sakakibara H, Choi S-H, Fujitake M, et al. The analysis of the content of biologically active phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and glycoalkaloids in harvested red, yellow, and green tomatoes, tomato leaves, and tomato stems. Currt Top Phytochem. 2019;15:43\u201353.","journal-title":"Currt Top Phytochem"},{"key":"3391_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Friedman M, Tam CC, Kim JH, Escobar S, Gong S, Liu M, et al. Anti-Parasitic Activity of Cherry Tomato Peel Powders. Foods. 2021;10(230):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods10020230.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10020230"},{"issue":"11","key":"3391_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.90","volume":"15","author":"FL van de Veerdonk","year":"2017","unstructured":"van de Veerdonk FL, Gresnigt MS, Romani L, Netea MG, Latg\u00e9 J-P. Aspergillus fumigatus morphology and dynamic host interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017;15(11):661\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.90.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3391_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4571","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9804589","volume":"46","author":"M Friedman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Friedman M, Levin CE. Dehydrotomatine content in tomatoes. J Agric Food Chem. 1998;46(11):4571\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf9804589.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"3391_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0306845","volume":"52","author":"N Kozukue","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kozukue N, Han J-S, Lee K-R, Friedman M. Dehydrotomatine and \u03b1-tomatine content in tomato fruits and vegetative plant tissues. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(7):2079\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf0306845.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"10","key":"3391_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3743","DOI":"10.1021\/jf970253k","volume":"45","author":"H Ono","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ono H, Kozuka D, Chiba Y, Horigane A, Isshiki K. Structure and cytotoxicity of dehydrotomatine, a minor component of tomato glycoalkaloids. J Agric Food Chem. 1997;45(10):3743\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf970253k.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"13","key":"3391_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7547","DOI":"10.1021\/jf100162j","volume":"58","author":"S-H Choi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Choi S-H, Lee S-H, Kim H-J, Lee I-S, Kozukue N, Levin CE, et al. Changes in free amino acid, phenolic, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and glycoalkaloid contents in tomatoes during 11 stages of growth and inhibition of cervical and lung human cancer cells by green tomato extracts. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58(13):7547\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf100162j.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"3391_CR20","first-page":"50","volume":"1","author":"Z Valadkhani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Valadkhani Z, Hassan N, Z A, Mostafavi E. Protective role of lactobacillus acidophilus against vaginal infection with trichomonas vaginalis. Mediterr J Biosci. 2016;1:50\u20134.","journal-title":"Mediterr J Biosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"3391_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00907","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00907-17","volume":"86","author":"N Phukan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Phukan N, Brooks AES, Simoes-Barbosa A. A cell surface aggregation-promoting factor from lactobacillus gasseri contributes to inhibition of trichomonas vaginalis adhesion to human vaginal ectocervical cells. Infect Immun. 2018;86(8):e00907\u201317.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"3391_CR22","unstructured":"Tam CC, Land KM, Cheng LW. Prebiotics, probiotics, and bacterial infections [Online First: https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/online-first\/prebiotics-probiotics-and-bacterial-infections]. Prebiotics and Probiotics - Potential Benefits in Nutrition and Health: IntechOpen; 2019."},{"issue":"2","key":"3391_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2013.813904","volume":"41","author":"D Poulain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Poulain D. Candida albicans, plasticity and pathogenesis. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2015;41(2):208\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/1040841X.2013.813904.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"3391_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim JH, Cheng LW, Chan KL, Tam CC, Mahoney N, Friedman M, et al. Antifungal Drug Repurposing. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020;9(11):812:1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics9110812.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110812"},{"issue":"9","key":"3391_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5420","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00905-16","volume":"60","author":"F Leonardelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leonardelli F, Macedo D, Dudiuk C, Cabeza MS, Gamarra S, Garcia-Effron G. Aspergillus fumigatus intrinsic fluconazole resistance is due to the naturally occurring T301I substitution in Cyp51Ap. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(9):5420\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.00905-16.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"3391_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-012-2251-4","volume":"286","author":"MEA Moraes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moraes MEA, Cunha GH, Bezerra MM, Fechine FV, Pontes AV, Andrade WS, et al. Efficacy of the Mentha crispa in the treatment of women with trichomonas vaginalis infection. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012;286(1):125\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00404-012-2251-4.","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"3391_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdali K, Jahed L, Amooee S, Zarshenas M, Tabatabaee H, Bekhradi R. Comparison of the effect of vaginal Zataria multiflora cream and oral metronidazole pill on results of treatments for vaginal infections including trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis in women of reproductive age. BioMed Res Int. 2015;2015:No. 683640.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/683640"},{"issue":"4","key":"3391_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5040743","volume":"5","author":"M Friedman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Friedman M, Rasooly R. Review of the inhibition of biological activities of food-related selected toxins by natural compounds. Toxins. 2013;5(4):743\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins5040743.","journal-title":"Toxins."},{"issue":"6","key":"3391_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(85)90003-8","volume":"5","author":"HV Thorne","year":"1985","unstructured":"Thorne HV, Clarke GF, Skuce R. The inactivation of herpes simplex virus by some Solanaceae glycoalkaloids. Antivir Res. 1985;5(6):335\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0166-3542(85)90003-8.","journal-title":"Antivir Res"},{"key":"3391_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.11.011","volume":"161","author":"M Diosa-Toro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Diosa-Toro M, Troost B, van de Pol D, Heberle AM, Urcuqui-Inchima S, Thedieck K, et al. Tomatidine, a novel antiviral compound towards dengue virus. Antivir Res. 2019;161:90\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.11.011.","journal-title":"Antivir Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3391_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63397-7","volume":"10","author":"B Troost","year":"2020","unstructured":"Troost B, Mulder LM, Diosa-Toro M, van de Pol D, Rodenhuis-Zybert IA, Smit JM. Tomatidine, a natural steroidal alkaloid shows antiviral activity towards chikungunya virus in vitro. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):6364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-63397-7.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"24","key":"3391_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11920","DOI":"10.1021\/jf802631t","volume":"56","author":"N Kozukue","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kozukue N, Yoon K-S, Byun G-I, Misoo S, Levin CE, Friedman M. Distribution of glycoalkaloids in potato tubers of 59 accessions of two wild and five cultivated Solanum species. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(24):11920\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf802631t.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"13","key":"3391_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b00818","volume":"63","author":"M Friedman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Friedman M. Chemistry and anticarcinogenic mechanisms of glycoalkaloids produced by eggplants, potatoes, and tomatoes. J Agric Food Chem. 2015;63(13):3323\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b00818.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"3391_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1021\/jf5040288","volume":"63","author":"SP Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim SP, Nam SH, Friedman M. The tomato glycoalkaloid \u03b1-tomatine induces caspase-independent cell death in mouse colon cancer CT-26 cells and transplanted tumors in mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2015;63(4):1142\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf5040288.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"3391_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2000.tb13608.x","volume":"65","author":"M Friedman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Friedman M, Fitch TE, Levin CE, Yokoyama WH. Feeding tomatoes to hamsters reduces their plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. J Food Sci. 2000;65(5):897\u2013900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2000.tb13608.x.","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"3391_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(00)00050-8","volume":"38","author":"M Friedman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Friedman M, Fitch TE, Yokoyama WE. Lowering of plasma LDL cholesterol in hamsters by the tomato glycoalkaloid tomatine. Food Chem Toxicol. 2000;38(7):549\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0278-6915(00)00050-8.","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"3391_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.04.042","volume":"209","author":"S Yamashoji","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yamashoji S, Onoda E. Detoxification and function of immature tomato. Food Chem. 2016;209:171\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.04.042.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"9","key":"3391_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.3109\/13880200903440211","volume":"48","author":"Y Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen Y, Li S, Sun F, Han H, Zhang X, Fan Y, et al. In vivo antimalarial activities of glycoalkaloids isolated from Solanaceae plants. Pharm Biol. 2010;48(9):1018\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/13880200903440211.","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"issue":"13","key":"3391_CR39","first-page":"1194","volume":"17","author":"S Katalin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Katalin S, Beata M-K. Chlorophylls and their derivatives used in food industry and medicine. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2017;17(13):1194\u2013222.","journal-title":"Mini Rev Med Chem"},{"issue":"10","key":"3391_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1700594","volume":"19","author":"J-Z Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu J-Z, Zhang J-L, Zhang W-G. Antisense RNA: the new favorite in genetic research. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2018;19(10):739\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1631\/jzus.B1700594.","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"issue":"6","key":"3391_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1021\/jf981124m","volume":"47","author":"MS Brown","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brown MS, McDonald GM, Friedman M. Sampling leaves of young potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants for glycoalkaloid analysis. J Agric Food Chem. 1999;47(6):2331\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf981124m.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-021-03391-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12906-021-03391-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-021-03391-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T14:03:10Z","timestamp":1631541790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12906-021-03391-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-021-03391-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-7671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-7671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"229"}}