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With the proposed pathophysiology of alcohol-induced liver injury to be related to deranged gut microbiota, we hypothesized that probiotics would have beneficial effects in attenuating alcohol-induced liver injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: control group, alcohol group,\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      group, and mixed-strain probiotics group. After 4\u2009weeks, all rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were analyzed for ALT, lipopolysaccharide level (LPS), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1). Liver tissues were processed for histopathology, malondialdehyde (MDA) level and immunohistochemistry for toll-like receptors 4 (TLR-4). Stool samples were collected, and 16S rRNA sequencing was used to analyze the fecal microbiota.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Liver histopathology showed the presence of significant hepatocyte ballooning in the alcohol group as compared with the control group, and the treatment with\n                      <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      or mixed-strain probiotics alleviated these changes. Significant elevation of serum ALT, LPS, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1, hepatic MDA levels, and hepatic TLR-4 expression were observed in alcohol-fed rats as compared with control rats. The administration of\n                      <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      or mixed-strain probiotics restored these changes to the levels of control rats. The relative abundance of fecal bacteria at genus level showed a significant reduction in\n                      <jats:italic>Allobaculum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Romboutsia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the alcohol group as compared with the control group. In probiotics-treated rats, significant increases in\n                      <jats:italic>Allobaculum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      were observed, while the relative abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>Romboutsia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic>\n                      was unchanged compared to the alcohol group. A reduction in alpha diversity was observed in alcohol-treated rats, whereas the improvement was noted after probiotic treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The treatment with\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , whether as single-, or mixed-strain probiotics, was beneficial in reducing the severity of alcohol-induced liver injury likely through the increase in beneficial bacteria, and the reduction of inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-022-03643-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T06:03:01Z","timestamp":1655877781000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Probiotics and their beneficial effects on alcohol-induced liver injury in a rat model: the role of fecal microbiota"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Maneerat","family":"Chayanupatkul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanjana","family":"Somanawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natthaya","family":"Chuaypen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naruemon","family":"Klaikeaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natcha","family":"Wanpiyarat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasong","family":"Siriviriyakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somying","family":"Tumwasorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duangporn","family":"Werawatganon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3643_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7040099","volume":"7","author":"J Rehm","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rehm J, Shield KD. 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The study protocol was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee, the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University (the permission No. is 035\/2561).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"168"}}