{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:35:28Z","timestamp":1787762128859,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661472000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Med Ther"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Oxidative stress can induce age-related diseases. Age-related retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are difficult to cure owing to their complicated mechanisms. Although anti-neovascular therapeutics are used to treat wet AMD, vision cannot always be completely restored, and disease progression cannot always be inhibited. Therefore, determining a method to prevent or slow retinal damage is important. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of a chrysanthemum water extract rich in flavone on the oxidatively stressed retina of mice.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Light damage was induced to establish oxidative stress mouse models. For in vitro experiments, ARPE-19 cells were cultured and divided into four groups: control, light-damaged, and low- and high-dose chrysanthemum extract. No treatment was administered in the control group. The light-damaged and low- and high-dose chrysanthemum extract groups were exposed to a similar white light level. The chrysanthemum extract was added at a low dose of 0.4\u2009mg\/mL or a high dose of 1.0\u2009mg\/mL before cell exposure to 2500-lx white light. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and cellular viability were measured using MTT and immunofluorescence staining. For in vivo experiments, C57BL\/6\u2009J mice were divided into the same four groups. Low- (0.23\u2009g\/kg\/day) and high-dose (0.38\u2009g\/kg\/day) chrysanthemum extracts were continuously intragastrically administered for 8\u2009weeks before mouse exposure to 10,000-lx white light. Retinal function was evaluated using electroretinography. In vivo optical coherence tomography and in vitro haematoxylin and eosin staining were performed to observe the pathological retinal changes in each group after light damage. Fluorescein fundus angiography of the arteriovenous vessel was performed, and the findings were analysed using the AngioTool software. TUNEL immunofluorescence staining was used to assess isolated retinal apoptosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In vitro, increased ROS production and decreased ARPE-19 cell viability were found in the light-damaged group. Improved ARPE-19 cell viability and reduced ROS levels were observed in the chrysanthemum extract treatment groups. In vivo, dysfunctional retinas and abnormal retinal structures were found in the light-damaged group, as well as increased apoptosis in the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and inner and outer nuclear layers. The apoptosis rate in the same layers was lower in the chrysanthemum extract treatment groups than in the light-damaged group. The production of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), increased in the treatment groups. NF-\u03baB in the nucleus and TNF-\u03b1 were more highly expressed in the light-damaged group than in the low- and high-dose chrysanthemum extract groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Light damage-induced retinal oxidative stress can lead to ROS accumulation in the retinal tissues. Herein, RGC and photoreceptor layer apoptosis was triggered, and NF-\u03baB in the nucleus and TNF-\u03b1 were highly expressed in the light-damaged group. Preventive chrysanthemum extract administration decreased ROS production by increasing SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activities and reversing the negative changes, demonstrating a potential protective effect on the retina.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-022-03701-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T08:03:08Z","timestamp":1661500988000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The effect of a chrysanthemum water extract in protecting the retina of mice from light damage"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yibo","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuechun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yatu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3701_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","volume":"2","author":"WL Wong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wong WL, Su X, Li X, Cheung CM, Klein R, Cheng CY, et al. 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(Beijing, China). The mice were raised under the following conditions: 12\/12\u2009h light\/dark cycles, temperature of 23\u2009+\u20092\u2009\u00b0C, and relative humidity of 55%, at the Tianjin Eye Institute; food and water were provided freely. The mice were randomly divided into four groups: control (<i>n<\/i>\u00a0=\u20098), light-damaged (<i>n\u2009=<\/i>\u00a08), low-dose chrysanthemum extract (<i>n\u2009=<\/i>\u00a08), and high-dose chrysanthemum extract (<i>n\u2009=<\/i>\u00a08) groups. The concentration ranged from 0.23\u2009g\/kg\/day (low dose) to 0.38\u2009g\/kg\/day (high dose). Intragastric administration (0.2\u2009mL\/day) was performed continuously for 8\u2009weeks. All procedures adhered to the International Standards for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, principles and guidelines of the Chinese Council of Animal Care, and the experimental protocol was approved by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Tianjin Medical University. Prior to being subjected to experimentation or sacrifice, the mice received isoflurane inhalation to minimise suffering. All methods were reported in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines ().","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"224"}}