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Anti-inflammatory effects on hyperosmotic cells were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction and significance was gauged using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey\u2019s tests, considering p-values\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 as significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Curcuminoids and their analogs, at 1, 10, and 100 \u00b5M, exhibited no effect on cell viability compared to controls. However, cyclosporin A 1:500 significantly reduced cell viability more than most curcuminoid treatments, except 100 \u00b5M curcumin and BDC. All tested curcuminoids and analogs at these concentrations significantly decreased mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-17\u00a0A, matrix metallopeptidase-9, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 after 90 mM NaCl stimulation compared to untreated cells. Furthermore, proinflammatory cytokine levels from hyperosmotic cells treated with 1, 10, and 100 \u00b5M curcumin, 100 \u00b5M BDC, 100 \u00b5M THC, 1 and 100 \u00b5M THDC mirrored those treated with cyclosporin A 1:500.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The anti-inflammatory efficiency of 1 and 10 \u00b5M curcumin, 100 \u00b5M THC, 1 and 100 \u00b5M THDC was comparable to that of cyclosporin A 1:500 while maintaining cell viability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-024-04448-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T13:02:50Z","timestamp":1713877370000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Anti-inflammatory effect of curcuminoids and their analogs in hyperosmotic human corneal limbus epithelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ngamjit","family":"Kasetsuwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usanee","family":"Reinprayoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lita","family":"Uthaithammarat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amornpun","family":"Sereemaspun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nutchanart","family":"Sae-liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waraluck","family":"Chaichompoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apichart","family":"Suksamrarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"4448_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509993667","volume":"103","author":"J Epstein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Epstein J, Sanderson IR, Macdonald TT. 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