{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T11:04:34Z","timestamp":1784718274962,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Med Ther"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A study carried out by World Health Organization revealed that around 80% of individuals globally depends on herbal forms of medication with 40% of pharmaceutical products being sourced from medicinal plants. The study objective was to evaluate the phytochemicals composition, in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the leaves of Terminalia catappa L. aqueous and methanolic extracts.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Antimicrobial activity was analyzed by disk diffusion, the minimum inhibitory concentration in-vitro assays with ciprofloxacin as the standard for antibacterial assay while nystatin for antifungal assay. Ferric reducing antioxidant power and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate assays were used for the evaluation of antioxidant properties of the crude extracts while the groups responsible for this activity identified using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study found that the leaves of Terminalia catappa contained alkaloids, tannins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, and coumarins, but terpenoids were absent. Presence of functional groups associated with this class of compounds such as OH vibrational frequencies were observed in IR spectrum of the crude extracts. Methanolic extract from Terminalia catappa exhibited greater antibacterial properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, whereas aqueous extract displayed greater antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis for all concentrations tested. The amount of the sample that scavenged 50 percent of DPPH (IC50) was found to be 8.723, 13.42 and 13.04\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL for L-ascorbic acid, Terminalia catappa L. methanolic and aqueous extracts respectively. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities varied with the extract concentration and solvent used in extractions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Terminalia catappa<\/jats:italic> L. leaves are prospective for use as a source of therapeutic agents that could lead to the advancement of new antimicrobial and antioxidant products.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-024-04449-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T07:02:19Z","timestamp":1712041339000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Phytochemical characterization, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Terminalia catappa methanol and aqueous extracts"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Wangui Clement","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walyambillah","family":"Waudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madivoli Edwin","family":"Shigwenya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyline","family":"Gichuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"4449_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3043061","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3043061","volume":"2017","author":"AA Boadu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boadu AA, Asase A. Documentation of herbal medicines used for the treatment and management of human diseases by some communities in southern Ghana. Evid-Based Complement Altern Med. 2017;2017:3043061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/3043061.","journal-title":"Evid-Based Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR2","first-page":"2017","volume":"7","author":"NC Chinaka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chinaka NC, MaduabuchiEzealisiji K, ElohorAkpofure R, ChiomanNennayaChinaka C. Phyto-chemical Characterization of the Leaf extracts of Terminalia catappa L (Combretaceae) Using Ultra violet-Visible, Fourier transform infrared and Gas chromatography-Mass Spectroscopic techniques. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2017;7(1):2017\u201323.","journal-title":"J Pharmacogn Phytochem"},{"key":"4449_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00199","volume":"8","author":"D Egamberdieva","year":"2017","unstructured":"Egamberdieva D, Wirth S, Behrendt U, Ahmad P, Berg G. Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants correlates with the proportion of antagonistic endophytes. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00199.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-021-00103-0","volume":"10","author":"TA Diab","year":"2021","unstructured":"Diab TA, Donia T, Saad-Allah KM. Characterization, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects of some Egyptian wild plant extracts. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci. 2021;10(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43088-021-00103-0.","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci"},{"key":"4449_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. Manandhar, S. Luitel, and R. K. Dahal, \u201cIn vitro antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against human pathogenic bacteria.\u201d J Trop Med 2019 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/1895340","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1895340"},{"issue":"266","key":"4449_CR6","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"Y Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang Y, Wu P, Wen K, Lin C, Chiang H. Protective effects and mechanisms of Terminalia catappa L. methenolic extract on hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human skin fibroblasts. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018;18(266):1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249253","volume":"16","author":"K Taye","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taye K, Gadisa E, Tufa A. Antimicrobial activities evaluation and phytochemical screening of some selected medicinal plants: a possible alternative in the treatment of multidrug-resistant microbes. Plos One. 2021;16(3):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249253.","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"4","key":"4449_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3329\/icpj.v2i4.14058","volume":"2","author":"M Hasanuzzaman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hasanuzzaman M, Ali R, Hossain M, Kuri S, Islam MS. Evaluation of total phenolic content, free radical scavenging activity and phytochemical screening of different extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi (fruits). Int Curr Pharm J. 2013;2(4):92\u20136.","journal-title":"Int Curr Pharm J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4102\/jomped.v2i1.31","volume":"2","author":"MC Ruto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruto MC, et al. Antioxidant activity and antimicrobial properties of Entada leptostachya and Prosopis juliflora extracts. J Med Plants Econ Dev. 2018;2(1):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/jomped.v2i1.31.","journal-title":"J Med Plants Econ Dev"},{"key":"4449_CR10","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"EA Odongo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Odongo EA, Mutai PC, Amugune BK, Mungai NN, Akinyi MO, Kimondo J. \u201cEvaluation of the antibacterial activity of selected Kenyan medicinal plant extract combinations against clinically important bacteria. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2023;4:1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"issue":"03","key":"4449_CR11","first-page":"414","volume":"8","author":"MRK Rao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rao MRK, Anisha G. Preliminary phytochemical and GC MS study of one medicinal plant Carissa spinarum. Indo Am J Pharm Res. 2018;8(03):414.","journal-title":"Indo Am J Pharm Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4449_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.13040\/IJPSR.0975-8232.9(2).490-97","volume":"9","author":"H Reddy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reddy H, Al-Kalbani A, Al-Rawahi A. Studies on phytochemical screening-Gc-Ms characterization, antimicrobial and antioxidant assay of black cumin seeds (Nigella Sativa) and Senna Alexandria (Cassia Angustifolia) solvent extracts. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2018;9(2):490\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13040\/IJPSR.0975-8232.9(2).490-97.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Sci Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4449_CR13","first-page":"81","volume":"6","author":"AV Thakur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thakur AV, Ambwani S, Ambwani T. Preliminary phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of leaf extract of Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Int J Herb Med. 2018;6(2):81\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Herb Med"},{"key":"4449_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497606","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/497606","volume":"2014","author":"F Mujeeb","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mujeeb F, Bajpai P, Pathak N. \u201cPhytochemical evaluation, antimicrobial activity, and determination of bioactive components from leaves of aegle marmelos. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:497606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/497606.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"4449_CR15","first-page":"1066","volume":"7","author":"R Magesh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Magesh R, Poorani RM, Karthikeyan V, Sivakumar K, Mohanapriya C. Proportionate phytochemical screening and assessment of antioxidant potency on selected species of lamiaceae family. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res. 2015;7(5):1066\u201372.","journal-title":"Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR16","first-page":"20","volume":"13","author":"A Keshav","year":"2019","unstructured":"Keshav A, Sharma A, Mazumdar B. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Colocasia esculenta (L.) leaves. Int J Chem Mol Eng. 2019;13(1):20\u20133.","journal-title":"Int J Chem Mol Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"4449_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.13057\/biofar\/f200201","volume":"20","author":"MM Hossain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hossain MM, Uddin MS, Baral PK, Ferdus M, Bhowmik S. \u201cPhytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Ipomoea hederifolia stems: A potential medicinal plant. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem. 2022;20(2):41\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13057\/biofar\/f200201.","journal-title":"Asian J Nat Prod Biochem"},{"issue":"11","key":"4449_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4112","DOI":"10.3390\/su10114112","volume":"10","author":"A Durazzo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Durazzo A, et al. \u201cQualitative analysis of traditional Italian dishes: FTIR approach. Sustain. 2018;10(11):4112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su10114112.","journal-title":"Sustain"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/cote.12322","volume":"134","author":"T Beiki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beiki T, Najafpour GD, Hosseini M. Evaluation of antimicrobial and dyeing properties of walnut (Juglans regia L.) green husk extract for cosmetics. Color Technol. 2018;134(1):71\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cote.12322.","journal-title":"Color Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4449_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065619","volume":"8","author":"PG Mwitari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mwitari PG, Ayeka PA, Ondicho J, Matu EN, Bii CC. Antimicrobial activity and probable mechanisms of action of medicinal plants of Kenya: Withania somnifera, Warbugia ugandensis, Prunus africana and Plectrunthus barbatus. Plos One. 2013;8(6):4\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0065619.","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"5","key":"4449_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15051062","volume":"15","author":"ES Madivoli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Madivoli ES, Schwarte JV, Kareru PG, Gachanja AN, Fromm KM. Stimuli-responsive and antibacterial Cellulose-Chitosan hydrogels containing Polydiacetylene Nanosheets. Polymers (Basel). 2023;15(5):1062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15051062.","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/jomped.v2i1.39","volume":"2","author":"ES Madivoli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Madivoli ES, et al. In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman (bark extracts) and Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. extracts (bark extracts): a comparative study. J Med Plants Econ Dev. 2018;2(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/jomped.v2i1.39.","journal-title":"J Med Plants Econ Dev"},{"key":"4449_CR23","first-page":"4125885","volume":"2023","author":"GO Sengera","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sengera GO, Kenanda EO, Onyancha JM. \u201cAntibacterial, Antioxidant Potency, and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Dried Powdered Leaves and Flowers of Hypericum revolutum subsp. Keniense ( Schweinf ). 2023;2023:4125885.","journal-title":"Keniense ( Schweinf )"},{"key":"4449_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5264943","volume":"2019","author":"A Hassan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hassan A, Ullah H, Bonomo MG. \u201cAntibacterial and antifungal activities of the medicinal plant Veronica biloba. J Chem. 2019;2019:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/5264943.","journal-title":"J Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"4449_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-016-2079-2","volume":"38","author":"M Elshikh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elshikh M, et al. Resazurin-based 96-well plate microdilution method for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration of biosurfactants. Biotechnol Lett. 2016;38(6):1015\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10529-016-2079-2.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-0936-3","volume":"17","author":"CH Teh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Teh CH, Nazni WA, Nurulhusna AH, Norazah A, Lee HL. Determination of antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration of larval extract of fly via resazurin-based turbidometric assay. BMC Microbiol. 2017;17(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-017-0936-3.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"4449_CR27","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"JN Eloff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eloff JN. \u201cAvoiding pitfalls in determining antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and publishing the results. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019;3:1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"4449_CR28","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"N Hoque","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hoque N, et al. \u201cAntimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of endophytic fungi isolated from Thysanolaena maxima Roxb., Dracaena spicata Roxb. and Aglaonema hookerianum Schott. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2023;4:1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"key":"4449_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8869436","volume":"2020","author":"GS Vasyliev","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vasyliev GS, Vorobyova VI, Linyucheva OV. Evaluation of reducing ability and antioxidant activity of fruit pomace extracts by spectrophotometric and electrochemical methods. J Anal Methods Chem. 2020;2020:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/8869436.","journal-title":"J Anal Methods Chem"},{"issue":"13","key":"4449_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3088","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25133088","volume":"25","author":"M Spiegel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spiegel M, et al. \u201cAntioxidant activity of selected phenolic acids-ferric reducing antioxidant power assay and QSAR analysis of the structural features. Molecules. 2020;25(13):3088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25133088.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.17-0304","volume":"101","author":"Y Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang Y, Jin H, Zhang J, Wang Y. Determination of total steroid saponins in different species of Paris using ftir combined with chemometrics. J AOAC Int. 2018;101(3):732\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5740\/jaoacint.17-0304.","journal-title":"J AOAC Int"},{"key":"4449_CR32","unstructured":"A. Muhammad and S. Y. Mudi, \u201cPhytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activities of Terminalia catappa, Leaf Extracts.\u201d Niger Soc Exp Biol 2011 23(1);35\u201339.\u00a0http:\/\/www.niseb.org\/bkrAlsoavailableonlineathttp:\/\/www.bioline.org.br\/bkBKR2011004\/23106"},{"key":"4449_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5040","DOI":"10.4314\/jab.v66i0.95000","volume":"66","author":"R Mbengui","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mbengui R, et al. \u201cPhytochemical screening and study of comparative antibacterial activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the leaves and barks of Terminalia catappa on multiresistant strains. J Appl Biosci. 2013;66:5040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/jab.v66i0.95000.","journal-title":"J Appl Biosci"},{"key":"4449_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2515690X20937988","volume":"25","author":"G Moriasi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moriasi G, Ireri A, Ngugi MP. In vitro antioxidant activities of the Aqueous and Methanolic Stem Bark Extracts of Piliostigma thonningii (Schum.). J Evidence-Based Integr Med. 2020;25:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2515690X20937988.","journal-title":"J Evidence-Based Integr Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"4449_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11101210","volume":"11","author":"TN Sowmya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sowmya TN, Raveesha KA. Polyphenol-rich purified bioactive fraction isolated from terminalia catappa l.: Uhplc-ms\/ms-based metabolite identification and evaluation of their antimicrobial potential. Coatings. 2021;11(10):1210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/coatings11101210.","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR36","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"MC Ruto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruto MC, Ngugi CM, Kareru PG, Rechab SO, Madivoli ES, Kairigo P. Antioxidant activity and antimicrobial properties of Entada leptostachya and Prosopis juliflora extracts. AOSIS. 2018;2(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"AOSIS"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-2837-5","volume":"20","author":"R Mogana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mogana R, Adhikari A, Tzar MN, Ramliza R, Wiart C. Antibacterial activities of the extracts, fractions and isolated compounds from canarium patentinervium miq. Against bacterial clinical isolates. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-020-2837-5.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"key":"4449_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aiia.2020.01.001","volume":"4","author":"CM Agu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agu CM, Menkiti MC, Ekwe EB, Agulanna AC. Modeling and optimization of Terminalia catappa L. kernel oil extraction using response surface methodology and artificial neural network. Artif Intell Agric. 2020;4:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aiia.2020.01.001.","journal-title":"Artif Intell Agric"},{"issue":"5","key":"4449_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/md21050273","volume":"21","author":"M Imran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Imran M, et al. Chemical and nutritional profiling of the seaweed Dictyota dichotoma and evaluation of its antioxidant, antimicrobial and hypoglycemic potentials. Mar Drugs. 2023;21(5):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md21050273.","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"4449_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. Purnama, W. Eriani, and N. Hidayati, \u201cNatural dye extraction from tropical almond (Terminalia catappa Linn) leaves and its characterization. AIP Conf Proc 2019 2114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.5112470.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5112470"},{"issue":"04","key":"4449_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4236\/pp.2011.24038","volume":"02","author":"A Manzur","year":"2011","unstructured":"Manzur A, Raju A, Rahman S. Antimicrobial activity of <i>Terminalia catappa<\/i> extracts against some pathogenic microbial strains. Pharmacol Pharm. 2011;02(04):299\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/pp.2011.24038.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Pharm"},{"key":"4449_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00595","volume":"8","author":"AG Ter\u00e7as","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ter\u00e7as AG, et al. \u201cPhytochemical characterization of Terminalia catappa Linn. extracts and their antifungal activities against Candida spp. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00595.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4449_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"I. H. N. Bassol\u00e9 et al., \u201cPlant phenolics and phenolic-enriched extracts as antimicrobial agents against. Molecules 2020 25(3);1\u201313. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/87559129.2016.1175015https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/87559129.2016.1175015https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fbio.2022.101716https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.07.014https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.116283","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2016.1175015 10.1080\/87559129.2016.1175015 10.1016\/j.fbio.2022.101716 10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.07.014 10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.116283"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR44","first-page":"35","volume":"13","author":"JO Ihuma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ihuma JO, Noel DO, Adogo LY. Antimicrobial activities of Terminalia catappa Linn. Leaves extract on some selected salmonella species. Orig Res Artic J Biol Nat. 2021;13(1):35\u201341.","journal-title":"Orig Res Artic J Biol Nat"},{"key":"4449_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3923\/ajps.2010.479.485","volume":"9","author":"H Annegowda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Annegowda H, Nee WC, Mordi M, Ramanathan S, Mansor S. \u201cEvaluation of phenolic content and Antioxidant propert of hydrolysed extracts of Terminalia catappa L. leaf. Asian J Plant Sci. 2010;9:479\u201385.","journal-title":"Asian J Plant Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4449_CR46","first-page":"69","volume":"6","author":"S Poongulali","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poongulali S, Sundararaman M. Antimycobacterial, anticandidal and antioxidant properties of Terminalia catappa and analysis of their bioactive chemicals. Int J Pharm Biol Sci. 2016;6(2):69\u201383.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-023-03919-8","volume":"23","author":"MB Gashaye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gashaye MB, Birhan YS. Phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Plectocephalus varians (A. Rich.) C. Jeffrey ex Cufod root extracts. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2023;23(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-023-03919-8.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-024-04449-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12906-024-04449-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-024-04449-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T07:02:52Z","timestamp":1712041372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12906-024-04449-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-024-04449-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-7671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-7671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The national regulations were followed in the collection and use of the plant materials. No special permit was required for the use of this plant species for use in experiments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"137"}}