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A total of 45 subjects were randomly assigned into one of the three different groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200915 each) using a computer-generated random allocation sequence: Group A Propolis mouthwash; Group B Chlorhexidine mouthwash; and Group C Placebo mouthwash. Supragingival plaque and gingival inflammation were assessed by full mouth Plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) at baseline and after 21 days. The study was divided into three phases, each phase lasted for 21 days separated by a washout period of 15 days in between them. Groups A, B and C were treated with 0.2% Propolis, Chlorhexidine, and Placebo mouthwash, respectively, in phase I. The study subjects were instructed to use the assigned mouthwash twice daily for 1\u00a0min for 21 days. On day 22\n                      <jats:sup>nd<\/jats:sup>\n                      , the subjects were recalled for measurement of PI and GI. After phase I, mouthwash was crossed over as dictated by the Latin square design in phase II and III.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At baseline, intergroup comparison revealed no statistically significant difference between Groups A, B and C (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). On day 21, one-way ANOVA revealed statistically significant difference between the three groups for PI (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and GI (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Bonferroni post-hoc test showed statistically significant difference between Propolis and Chlorhexidine mouthwash (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with higher reduction in the mean plaque and gingival scores in propolis group compared to chlorhexidine and placebo groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Propolis mouthwash demonstrated significant improvement in gingival health and plaque reduction. Thus, it could be used as an effective herbal mouthwash alternative to chlorhexidine mouthwash.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The trial was retrospectively registered on 25\/07\/2019 at clinicaltrials.gov and its identifier is NCT04032548.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-024-04456-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]],"date-time":"2024-04-06T05:01:41Z","timestamp":1712379701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Comparative effectiveness of Propolis with chlorhexidine mouthwash on gingivitis \u2013 a randomized controlled clinical study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2533-996X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shilpa","family":"Gunjal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak Gowda Sadashivappa","family":"Pateel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"4456_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119540687.ch4","volume-title":"Pet-Specific Care Vet Team","author":"HB Lobprise","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lobprise HB, Johnson J. 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