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Smith<\/jats:italic> (CB).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>As a randomized, blind, controlled trial study, there were 21 participants in the CB TPM group (CBG), 20 participants in the chlorhexidine group (CG), and 19 participants in the saline group (SG). All three groups were examined both before and after TPM. We performed a paired t-test to determine the differences between the mean values of the three groups. We used ANOVA to evaluate the mean differences in clinical indicators, saliva tests, and periodontal bacteria.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There were no significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics and oral health status between the three groups, thus ensuring homogeneity among the participants. Occult blood in the saliva test increased for SG and CG and decreased for CBG. Compared to the before-TPM condition, leukocyte and protein levels decreased for CG and CBG after TPM (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). As a result of checking the effect size (Cohen\u2019s d) before and after TPM according to the three groups, three species of bacteria were identified that showed a significant effect only on CBG, and two species were identified that showed a significant effect on CBG and CG (Cohen\u2019s d\u2009\u2265\u20090.8).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study confirmed the efficacy of CB-applied TPM on PIM patients and demonstrated its potential as a non-surgical treatment option. Therefore, practitioners could extensively use CB-applied TPM as a mechanical tool and safe chemical and biological removal agent for post-implant management in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The trial was registered in the International Clinical Trial Registry Platform (ICTRP) under the registration number KCT0008626 on 17\/07\/2023 and was retrospectively registered.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-025-04900-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T08:38:17Z","timestamp":1746520697000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of oral hygiene management containing Cibotium Barometz J. 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Additionally, this study involved human subjects and\/or human data and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki (). Included patients received written as well as verbal information about the study protocol and signed an informed consent form before initiating the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"164"}}