{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T20:22:48Z","timestamp":1788553368877,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Med Ther"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-025-04975-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T16:17:14Z","timestamp":1758212234000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Baseline individual factors associated with clinical outcomes in adults with non-specific low back pain following manual therapy: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8613-7777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetan","family":"Barbier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3086-9909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Picchiottino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3093-0183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaud","family":"Delafontaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1992-1876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Goncalves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2818-6949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Bussi\u00e8res","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7950-2163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Cottin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0935-445X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaud","family":"Lardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10258","key":"4975_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","volume":"396","author":"GBD Diseases","year":"2020","unstructured":"Diseases GBD, Injuries C. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1204\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10137","key":"4975_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30480-X","volume":"391","author":"J Hartvigsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, et al. What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. Lancet. 2018;391(10137):2356\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30480-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10070","key":"4975_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30970-9","volume":"389","author":"C Maher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maher C, Underwood M, Buchbinder R. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2017;389(10070):736\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30970-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4975_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001869","volume":"161","author":"R Buchbinder","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buchbinder R, Underwood M, Hartvigsen J, et al. The Lancet Series call to action to reduce low value care for low back pain: an update. Pain. 2020;161(Suppl 1):S57\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001869.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"10","key":"4975_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-019-04430-5","volume":"39","author":"GK Beyera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beyera GK, O\u2019Brien J, Campbell S. Health-care utilisation for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based observational studies. Rheumatol Int. 2019;39(10):1663\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-019-04430-5.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"4975_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001751","volume":"161","author":"SJ Kamper","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kamper SJ, Logan G, Copsey B, et al. What is usual care for low back pain? A systematic review of health care provided to patients with low back pain in family practice and emergency departments. Pain. 2020;161(4):694\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001751.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"10137","key":"4975_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30489-6","volume":"391","author":"NE Foster","year":"2018","unstructured":"Foster NE, Anema JR, Cherkin D, et al. Prevention and treatment of low back pain: evidence, challenges, and promising directions. Lancet. 2018;391(10137):2368\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30489-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4975_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-8-40","volume":"8","author":"N Henschke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Henschke N, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, et al. Low back pain research priorities: a survey of primary care practitioners. BMC Fam Pract. 2007;8:40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2296-8-40.","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"4975_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dionne CE, Rossignol M, Deyo RA, et al. Back to the Future: A Report From the 16th International Forum for Back and Neck Pain Research in Primary Care and Updated Research Agenda. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2022;47(19):E595-E605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004408","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004408"},{"issue":"3","key":"4975_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2015.01.006","volume":"101","author":"T Gurung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gurung T, Ellard DR, Mistry D, et al. Identifying potential moderators for response to treatment in low back pain: A systematic review. Physiotherapy. 2015;101(3):243\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physio.2015.01.006.","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"4975_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Zoete A, de Boer MR, Rubinstein SM, et al. Moderators of the Effect of Spinal Manipulative Therapy on Pain Relief and Function in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: An Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2021;46(8):E505-E17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003814","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003814"},{"key":"4975_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2024.111593","volume":"177","author":"R Vidal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vidal R, Grotle M, Johnsen MB, et al. Prediction models for outcomes in people with low back pain receiving conservative treatment: a systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol. 2024;177: 111593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2024.111593.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4975_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.08.005","volume":"61","author":"JA Hayden","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hayden JA, Cote P, Steenstra IA, et al. Identifying phases of investigation helps planning, appraising, and applying the results of explanatory prognosis studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(6):552\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.08.005.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4975_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-01050-7","volume":"20","author":"P Kent","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kent P, Cancelliere C, Boyle E, et al. A conceptual framework for prognostic research. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2020;20(1):172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-020-01050-7.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"4975_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e5595","volume":"346","author":"H Hemingway","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hemingway H, Croft P, Perel P, et al. Prognosis research strategy (PROGRESS) 1: a framework for researching clinical outcomes. BMJ. 2013;346: e5595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.e5595.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"4975_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2009.11.003","volume":"24","author":"SJ Kamper","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kamper SJ, Maher CG, Hancock MJ, et al. Treatment-based subgroups of low back pain: a guide to appraisal of research studies and a summary of current evidence. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24(2):181\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2009.11.003.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4975_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","volume":"10","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2021;10(1):89. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"4975_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.015","volume":"121","author":"RL Morgan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morgan RL, Whaley P, Thayer KA, et al. Identifying the PECO: A framework for formulating good questions to explore the association of environmental and other exposures with health outcomes. Environ Int. 2018;121(Pt 1):1027\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.015.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"4975_CR19","unstructured":"National Guideline C. NICE Evidence Reviews Collection. Evidence review for manual therapy for chronic primary pain: Chronic pain (primary and secondary) in over 16s: assessment of all chronic pain and management of chronic primary pain: Evidence review I. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Copyright \u00a9 NICE 2021. 2021."},{"key":"4975_CR20","unstructured":"Lederman E. The Science & Practice of Manual Therapy. 2 ed2005."},{"key":"4975_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021","volume":"75","author":"J McGowan","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, et al. PRESS Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies: 2015 Guideline Statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;75:40\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4975_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2008.10.012","volume":"62","author":"M Sampson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sampson M, McGowan J, Cogo E, et al. An evidence-based practice guideline for the peer review of electronic search strategies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(9):944\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2008.10.012.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4975_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-4-201302190-00009","volume":"158","author":"JA Hayden","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hayden JA, van der Windt DA, Cartwright JL, et al. Assessing bias in studies of prognostic factors. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(4):280\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-158-4-201302190-00009.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"4975_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41512-019-0050-0","volume":"3","author":"WJA Grooten","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grooten WJA, Tseli E, Ang BO, et al. Elaborating on the assessment of the risk of bias in prognostic studies in pain rehabilitation using QUIPS-aspects of interrater agreement. Diagn Progn Res. 2019;3:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41512-019-0050-0.","journal-title":"Diagn Progn Res"},{"key":"4975_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6890","volume":"368","author":"M Campbell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campbell M, McKenzie JE, Sowden A, et al. Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline. BMJ. 2020;368: l6890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l6890.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4975_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Flynn T, Fritz J, Whitman J, et al. A clinical prediction rule for classifying patients with low back pain who demonstrate short-term improvement with spinal manipulation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002;27(24):2835\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-200212150-00021.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200212150-00021"},{"key":"4975_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fritz JM, Whitman JM, Flynn TW, et al. Factors related to the inability of individuals with low back pain to improve with a spinal manipulation. Phys Ther 2004;84(2):173\u201390.","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/84.2.173"},{"issue":"1","key":"4975_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1821-1","volume":"17","author":"T Xia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xia T, Long CR, Vining RD, et al. Association of lumbar spine stiffness and flexion-relaxation phenomenon with patient-reported outcomes in adults with chronic low back pain - a single-arm clinical trial investigating the effects of thrust spinal manipulation. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-017-1821-1.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"4975_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-2082-1","volume":"21","author":"C Sheets","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sheets C, Machado LA, Hancock M, et al. Can we predict response to the McKenzie method in patients with acute low back pain? A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2012;21(7):1250\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-011-2082-1.","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"4","key":"4975_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2014.03.004","volume":"19","author":"JC Licciardone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Licciardone JC, Kearns CM, Crow WT. Changes in biomechanical dysfunction and low back pain reduction with osteopathic manual treatment: results from the OSTEOPATHIC Trial. Man Ther. 2014;19(4):324\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.math.2014.03.004.","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"key":"4975_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMorland G, Suter E. Chiropractic management of mechanical neck and low-back pain: a retrospective, outcome-based analysis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2000;23(5):307\u201311.","DOI":"10.1067\/mmt.2000.106871"},{"issue":"7","key":"4975_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2018.01.008","volume":"41","author":"M Annen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Annen M, Peterson C, Humphreys BK. Comparison of Treatment Outcomes in Nonspecific Low-Back Pain Patients With and Without Modic Changes Who Receive Chiropractic Treatment. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2018;41(7):561\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmpt.2018.01.008.","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"4975_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem113","volume":"46","author":"MR Underwood","year":"2007","unstructured":"Underwood MR, Morton V, Farrin A, et al. Do baseline characteristics predict response to treatment for low back pain? Secondary analysis of the UK BEAM dataset [ISRCTN32683578]. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(8):1297\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem113.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"4975_CR34","unstructured":"Cecchi F, Negrini S, Pasquini G, et al. Predictors of functional outcome in patients with chronic low back pain undergoing back school, individual physiotherapy or spinal manipulation. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2012;48(3):371\u20138."},{"issue":"1","key":"4975_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2007.09.013","volume":"14","author":"ML Ferreira","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ferreira ML, Ferreira PH, Latimer J, et al. Relationship between spinal stiffness and outcome in patients with chronic low back pain. Man Ther. 2009;14(1):61\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.math.2007.09.013.","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"key":"4975_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goldstein MS, Morgenstern H, Hurwitz EL, et al. The impact of treatment confidence on pain and related disability among patients with low-back pain: results from the University of California, Los Angeles, low-back pain study. Spine J 2002;2(6):391\u20139; discussion 99\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1529-9430(02)00414-x.","DOI":"10.1016\/s1529-9430(02)00414-x"},{"issue":"5","key":"4975_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2013.05.016","volume":"36","author":"M Donaldson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Donaldson M, Learman K, O\u2019Halloran B, et al. The role of patients\u2019 expectation of appropriate initial manual therapy treatment in outcomes for patients with low back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2013;36(5):276\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmpt.2013.05.016.","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"4975_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2017.11.006","volume":"41","author":"SA Burns","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burns SA, Cleland JA, Cook CE, et al. Variables Describing Individuals With Improved Pain and Function With a Primary Complaint of Low Back Pain: A Secondary Analysis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2018;41(6):467\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmpt.2017.11.006.","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"4975_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20120216","volume":"93","author":"CE Cook","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cook CE, Learman KE, O\u2019Halloran BJ, et al. Which prognostic factors for low back pain are generic predictors of outcome across a range of recovery domains? Phys Ther. 2013;93(1):32\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20120216.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"4975_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wong AY, Parent EC, Dhillon SS, et al. Do participants with low back pain who respond to spinal manipulative therapy differ biomechanically from nonresponders, untreated controls or asymptomatic controls? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2015;40(17):1329\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000981.","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000981"},{"key":"4975_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fritz JM, Koppenhaver SL, Kawchuk GN, et al. Preliminary investigation of the mechanisms underlying the effects of manipulation: exploration of a multivariate model including spinal stiffness, multifidus recruitment, and clinical findings. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011;36(21):1772\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318216337d.","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318216337d"},{"issue":"6","key":"4975_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2013.05.006","volume":"18","author":"JC Licciardone","year":"2013","unstructured":"Licciardone JC, Kearns CM, Minotti DE. Outcomes of osteopathic manual treatment for chronic low back pain according to baseline pain severity: results from the OSTEOPATHIC Trial. Man Ther. 2013;18(6):533\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.math.2013.05.006.","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"4975_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242831","volume":"15","author":"M Hadizadeh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hadizadeh M, Kawchuk GN, Prasad N, et al. Predicting who responds to spinal manipulative therapy using a short-time frame methodology: Results from a 238-participant study. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(11): e0242831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0242831.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"4975_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2019.11.011[publishedOnlineFirst:2019\/12\/22]","volume":"66","author":"JM Hallegraeff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hallegraeff JM, Kan R, van Trijffel E, et al. State anxiety improves prediction of pain and pain-related disability after 12 weeks in patients with acute low back pain: a cohort study. J Physiother. 2020;66(1):39\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphys.2019.11.011.","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"issue":"1","key":"4975_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12998-021-00367-4","volume":"29","author":"CG Nim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nim CG, Weber KA, Kawchuk GN, et al. Spinal manipulation and modulation of pain sensitivity in persistent low back pain: a secondary cluster analysis of a randomized trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2021;29(1):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12998-021-00367-4.","journal-title":"Chiropr Man Therap"},{"issue":"3","key":"4975_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2018.11.005","volume":"42","author":"A Kizhakkeveettil","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kizhakkeveettil A, Rose KA, Kadar GE, et al. An Exploratory Analysis of Gender as a Potential Modifier of Treatment Effect Among Patients in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Integrative Acupuncture and Spinal Manipulation for Low Back Pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2019;42(3):177\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmpt.2018.11.005.","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"4975_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2012.02.020","volume":"17","author":"CE Cook","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cook CE, Showalter C, Kabbaz V, et al. Can a within\/between-session change in pain during reassessment predict outcome using a manual therapy intervention in patients with mechanical low back pain? Man Ther. 2012;17(4):325\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.math.2012.02.020.","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"4975_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1179\/jmt.2009.17.3.135","volume":"17","author":"ET Barakatt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barakatt ET, Romano PS, Riddle DL, et al. The Reliability of Maitland\u2019s Irritability Judgments in Patients with Low Back Pain. J Man Manip Ther. 2009;17(3):135\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/jmt.2009.17.3.135.","journal-title":"J Man Manip Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"4975_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1179\/106698109791352175","volume":"17","author":"ET Barakatt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barakatt ET, Romano PS, Riddle DL, et al. An Exploration of Maitland\u2019s Concept of Pain Irritability in Patients with Low Back Pain. J Man Manip Ther. 2009;17(4):196\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/106698109791352175.","journal-title":"J Man Manip Ther"},{"key":"4975_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kent P, Keating JL. Classification in nonspecific low back pain: what methods do primary care clinicians currently use? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005;30(12):1433\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.brs.0000166523.84016.4b.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000166523.84016.4b"},{"issue":"2","key":"4975_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200303000-00002","volume":"19","author":"SJ Linton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Linton SJ, Boersma K. Early identification of patients at risk of developing a persistent back problem: the predictive validity of the Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire. Clin J Pain. 2003;19(2):80\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00002508-200303000-00002.","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"4975_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23563","volume":"59","author":"JC Hill","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hill JC, Dunn KM, Lewis M, et al. A primary care back pain screening tool: identifying patient subgroups for initial treatment. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59(5):632\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.23563.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"7","key":"4975_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.02.003","volume":"68","author":"R Haskins","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haskins R, Osmotherly PG, Rivett DA. Validation and impact analysis of prognostic clinical prediction rules for low back pain is needed: a systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol. 2015;68(7):821\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.02.003.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4975_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/10669817.2021.2024677","volume":"30","author":"RM Bastos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bastos RM, Moya CR, de Vasconcelos RA, et al. Treatment-based classification for low back pain: systematic review with meta-analysis. J Man Manip Ther. 2022;30(4):207\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10669817.2021.2024677.","journal-title":"J Man Manip Ther"},{"key":"4975_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.06.003","volume":"79","author":"BT Saragiotto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saragiotto BT, Maher CG, Moseley AM, et al. A systematic review reveals that the credibility of subgroup claims in low back pain trials was low. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;79:3\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.06.003.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4975_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2018.01.011","volume":"35","author":"F Maissan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maissan F, Pool J, de Raaij E, et al. The clinical reasoning process in randomized clinical trials with patients with non-specific neck pain is incomplete: A systematic review. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2018;35:8\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msksp.2018.01.011.","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"4975_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12998-020-00324-7","volume":"28","author":"S Innes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Innes S, Beynon A, Hodgetts C, et al. Predictors of instanteous relief from spinal manipulation for non-specific low back pain: a delphi study. Chiropr Man Therap. 2020;28(1):39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12998-020-00324-7.","journal-title":"Chiropr Man Therap"},{"issue":"4","key":"4975_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12705","volume":"23","author":"M Bade","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bade M, Cobo-Estevez M, Neeley D, et al. Effects of manual therapy and exercise targeting the hips in patients with low-back pain-A randomized controlled trial. J Eval Clin Pract. 2017;23(4):734\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jep.12705.","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"4975_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215509342328","volume":"24","author":"F Cecchi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cecchi F, Molino-Lova R, Chiti M, et al. Spinal manipulation compared with back school and with individually delivered physiotherapy for the treatment of chronic low back pain: a randomized trial with one-year follow-up. Clin Rehabil. 2010;24(1):26\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269215509342328.","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4975_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.12.008","volume":"131","author":"ML Ferreira","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ferreira ML, Ferreira PH, Latimer J, et al. Comparison of general exercise, motor control exercise and spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low back pain: A randomized trial. Pain. 2007;131(1\u20132):31\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2006.12.008.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"4975_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-2692-6","volume":"19","author":"JM Fritz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fritz JM, Sharpe JA, Lane E, et al. Optimizing treatment protocols for spinal manipulative therapy: study protocol for a randomized trial. Trials. 2018;19(1):306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-018-2692-6.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"3","key":"4975_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2017.01.002","volume":"40","author":"A Kizhakkeveettil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kizhakkeveettil A, Rose KA, Kadar GE, et al. Integrative Acupuncture and Spinal Manipulative Therapy Versus Either Alone for Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial Feasibility Study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2017;40(3):201\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmpt.2017.01.002.","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"4975_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1468","volume":"11","author":"JC Licciardone","year":"2013","unstructured":"Licciardone JC, Minotti DE, Gatchel RJ, et al. Osteopathic manual treatment and ultrasound therapy for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Fam Med. 2013;11(2):122\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1370\/afm.1468.","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4975_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14615","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71557-y","volume":"10","author":"CG Nim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nim CG, Kawchuk GN, Schiottz-Christensen B, et al. The effect on clinical outcomes when targeting spinal manipulation at stiffness or pain sensitivity: a randomized trial. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):14615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-71557-y.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4975_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-10","volume":"8","author":"LA Machado","year":"2010","unstructured":"Machado LA, Maher CG, Herbert RD, et al. The effectiveness of the McKenzie method in addition to first-line care for acute low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Med. 2010;8:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1741-7015-8-10.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"4975_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-6-50","volume":"6","author":"LA Machado","year":"2005","unstructured":"Machado LA, Maher CG, Herbert RD, et al. The McKenzie Method for the management of acute non-specific low back pain: design of a randomised controlled trial [ACTRN012605000032651]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005;6:50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2474-6-50.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"4975_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-3-16","volume":"3","author":"S Brealey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brealey S, Burton K, Coulton S, et al. UK Back pain Exercise And Manipulation (UK BEAM) trial\u2013national randomised trial of physical treatments for back pain in primary care: objectives, design and interventions [ISRCTN32683578]. BMC Health Serv Res. 2003;3(1):16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-3-16.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"7479","key":"4975_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38282.669225.AE","volume":"329","author":"Team UBT","year":"2004","unstructured":"Team UBT. United Kingdom back pain exercise and manipulation (UK BEAM) randomised trial: effectiveness of physical treatments for back pain in primary care. BMJ. 2004;329(7479):1377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.38282.669225.AE.","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-025-04975-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12906-025-04975-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-025-04975-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T16:17:19Z","timestamp":1758212239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12906-025-04975-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4975"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-025-04975-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-7671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-7671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Gaetan Barbier, Mathieu Picchiottino, Guillaume Goncalves, and Arnaud Lardon are researchers-chiropractors who practice manual therapy techniques.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"330"}}