{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:15:05Z","timestamp":1787987705016,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) under funding Programme, In-Country\/In-Region Scholarship Programme - Uganda","award":["MUST Natural Resources - Master, 2023 (57667598) and personal number, 91871155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MUST Natural Resources - Master, 2023 (57667598) and personal number, 91871155"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Med Ther"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-025-05003-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T09:38:59Z","timestamp":1752313139000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity of individual frond extracts of Menisorus pauciflorus, Pteris catoptera, Conniogramme africana and Antrophyum mannianum"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Herbert","family":"Nuwamanya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Lukubye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Kagoro-Rugunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement Olusoji","family":"Ajayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Wangalwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunice Apio","family":"Olet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5003_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_175_19","volume":"12","author":"AR Abubakar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abubakar AR, Haque M. Preparation of medicinal plants: basic extraction and fractionation procedures for experimental purposes. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2020;12(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_175_19.","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"key":"5003_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Afqir H, Belmalha S, Farihi A, Elbouzidi A, Bouhrim M, Elrherabi A, Boutagayout A, Oubihi A, Ouhssine M. Comparative analysis of phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant, antibacterial activities, and functional groups of chemicals from Hypericum perforatum L., and Papaver rhoeas L. Flower extracts. Ecol Eng Environ Technol. 2024;25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12912\/27197050\/175801.","DOI":"10.12912\/27197050\/175801"},{"issue":"2B","key":"5003_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.56892\/bima.v8i2B.698","volume":"8","author":"IA Ahmed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmed IA, Jimoh AM, Ibrahim HU, Khadijat A. Phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum). Bima J Sci Technol. 2024;8(2B):19\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.56892\/bima.v8i2B.698.","journal-title":"Bima J Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5003_CR4","first-page":"236","volume":"5","author":"V Balamurugan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balamurugan V, Fatima S, Velurajan S. A guide to phytochemical analysis. Int J Adv Res Innovative Ideas Educ. 2019;5(1):236\u201345.","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res Innovative Ideas Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"5003_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-022-00283-3","volume":"11","author":"A Bandyopadhyay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bandyopadhyay A, Dey A. Medicinal pteridophytes: ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, and clinical attributes. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci. 2022;11(1):113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43088-022-00283-3.","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci"},{"key":"5003_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bhattarai S, Kunwar RM. Nepalese pteridophytes used as antimicrobials: challenges and opportunities. Promis Antimicrobials Nat Prod. 2022;15\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-83504-0.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-83504-0"},{"key":"5003_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52305\/ZDNJ1623","author":"T Dutta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dutta T, Hasan I. Ferns from folklore to pharmacy: ethnopharmacology of pteridophytes. Ferns: Growth Divers Ecol Importance. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52305\/ZDNJ1623.","journal-title":"Ferns: Growth Divers Ecol Importance"},{"key":"5003_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994215","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.994215","volume":"9","author":"A Farr\u00e0s","year":"2022","unstructured":"Farr\u00e0s A, Mitjans M, Maggi F, Caprioli G, Vinardell MP, L\u00f3pez V. Exploring wild Aspleniaceae ferns as safety sources of polyphenols: the case of Asplenium trichomanes L. and Ceterach officinarum willd. Front Nutr. 2022;9:994215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.994215.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"5003_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_908_19","volume":"9","author":"SS Faujdar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Faujdar SS, Bisht D, Sharma A. Antibacterial activity of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) against uropathogens producing ESBL, MBL, and AmpC beta-lactamase: are we close to getting a new antibacterial agent? J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9(1):180\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_908_19.","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"5003_CR10","unstructured":"Fu Rong FR, Zhang Peng ZP, Liu Fang LF, Guo LongWei GL, Zhao XiaoDong ZX. (2019). Determination of total saponins content in health foods by automatic solid phase extraction-ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. Journal of food safety and quality."},{"issue":"1","key":"5003_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s40011-021-01293-4","volume":"92","author":"P Giri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Giri P, Uniyal PL. Edible ferns in India and their medicinal uses: A review. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B: Biol Sci. 2022;92(1):17\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40011-021-01293-4.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B: Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5003_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.71454\/PA.004.01.0079","volume":"4","author":"M Hassan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hassan M, Khan MF, Akbar N, Khalid S, Siddique S, Khizer A, Nisar A, Ashraf N, Hussain S. Ethnomedicinal study and biological evaluation of Adiantum Capillus-veneris L. and Adiantum incisum forssk. From district poonch, Azad Jammu and kashmir, Pakistan. Planta Animalia. 2025;4(1):141\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.71454\/PA.004.01.0079.","journal-title":"Planta Animalia"},{"key":"5003_CR13","unstructured":"Howard PC. Nature conservation in Uganda\u2019s tropical forest reserves. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN); 1991."},{"issue":"1","key":"5003_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.38093\/cupmap.692879","volume":"3","author":"A Jafar\u0131-sales","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jafar\u0131-sales A, Pashazadeh M. Antibacterial effect of methanolic extract of saffron petal (Crocus sativus L.) on some standard gram positive and gram negative pathogenic bacteria in vitro. Curr Perspect Med Aromatic Plants. 2020;3(1):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38093\/cupmap.692879.","journal-title":"Curr Perspect Med Aromatic Plants"},{"key":"5003_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcroc.2022.107834","volume":"181","author":"M Jakub\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jakub\u00edkov\u00e1 M, S\u00e1deck\u00e1 J, Hrobo\u0148ov\u00e1 K. Determination of total phenolic content and selected phenolic compounds in sweet wines by fluorescence spectroscopy and multivariate calibration. Microchem J. 2022;181:107834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcroc.2022.107834.","journal-title":"Microchem J"},{"key":"5003_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kamaruddin A, Harun WHAW, Bakri MM, Abidin SAZ, Giribabu N, Rahman SN S. A. Phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity of Jatropha curcas extracts against oral microorganisms. Heliyon. 2024;10(17). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33422.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33422"},{"key":"5003_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2020.08.015","volume":"124","author":"M Kashaninejad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kashaninejad M, Sanz M, Blanco B, Beltr\u00e1n S, Niknam SM. Freeze dried extract from Olive leaves: valorisation, extraction kinetics and extract characterization. Food Bioprod Process. 2020;124:196\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fbp.2020.08.015.","journal-title":"Food Bioprod Process"},{"issue":"3","key":"5003_CR18","first-page":"360","volume":"12","author":"SV Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar SV, Kanwar S. Medicinal pteridophytes used in the treatment of various diseases by the inhabitants of Sarkaghat tehsil, Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh. J Pharm Sci Res. 2020;12(3):360\u20134.","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"5003_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2011.02775.x","volume":"46","author":"JH Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee JH, Jeon JK, Kim SG, Kim SH, Chun T, Imm J-Y. Comparative analyses of total phenols, flavonoids, saponins and antioxidant activity in yellow soy beans and mung beans. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2011;46(12):2513\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2011.02775.x.","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5003_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031114","volume":"28","author":"A Lobiuc","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lobiuc A, Pav\u0103l N-E, Mangalagiu II, Gheorghi\u021b\u0103 R, Teliban G-C, Am\u0103riuc\u0103i-Mantu D, Stoleru V. Future antimicrobials: natural and functionalized phenolics. Molecules. 2023;28(3):1114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28031114.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"5003_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marimuthu J, Janakiraman N, Chandra Saleride J, Sivaraman A, Shivananthini B, Paulraj K. Phytochemistry of Indian pteridophytes: a review. Ferns: Biotechnol Propag Med Uses Environ Regul. 2022;433\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-16-6170-9.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-6170-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"5003_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.812903","volume":"16","author":"R Mehta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehta R, Dhruv S, Kaushik V, Sen KK, Khan NS, Abhishek A, Dixit AK, Tripathi VN. A comparative study of antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts from four Indigenous plants. Bioinformation. 2020;16(3):267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.812903.","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"issue":"18","key":"5003_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13182668","volume":"13","author":"AY Moussa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moussa AY, Luo J, Xu B. Insights into chemical diversity and potential Health-Promoting effects of ferns. Plants. 2024;13(18):2668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants13182668.","journal-title":"Plants"},{"issue":"5","key":"5003_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.17576\/jsm-2020-4905-05","volume":"49","author":"M Muhammad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muhammad M, Ismail ZS, Schneider H, Hawkins JA. Medicinal use of ferns: an ethnobotanical review. Sains Malaysiana. 2020;49(5):1003\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17576\/jsm-2020-4905-05.","journal-title":"Sains Malaysiana"},{"issue":"2","key":"5003_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.90018","volume":"11","author":"A Negi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Negi A, Maurya VK. Antibacterial potential of antimicrobial peptides containing whole proteins of two Adiantum species from himalaya against selected human bacterial pathogens. Int J Res Pharm Sci. 2020;11(2):2603\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1271\/bbb.90018.","journal-title":"Int J Res Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"5003_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1515\/dmpt-2023-0035","volume":"38","author":"K Raina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Raina K, Chaudhary A, Sharma P, Sharma R, Bhardwaj K, Kumar P, Kabra A, Thakur S, Chaudhary A, Prajapati M. Phytochemical profiling and biological activities of Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) sw.: an edible vegetable fern. Drug Metabolism Personalized Therapy. 2023;38(4):309\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/dmpt-2023-0035.","journal-title":"Drug Metabolism Personalized Therapy"},{"key":"5003_CR27","unstructured":"Ramya R, Othman R, Hatta FAM, Sulaiman WSHW, Latif NHM. (2021). Characterization of phenolic content and antimicrobial activities of fern species used by Malays in traditional medicine (pencirian Kandungan Fenolik Dan aktiviti Antimikrob Oleh spesis Paku Pakis Yang Digunakan Oleh Masyarakat melayu Dalam Perubatan tradisional). Asian J Environ History Herit, 5(2)."},{"key":"5003_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajib.2022.02.030","volume":"151","author":"P Santhosh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Santhosh P, Nithya T, Lakshmi SG, Marino GLS, Balavaishnavi B, Kamaraj M. Assessment of phytochemicals, antioxidant, antibacterial activity, and profiling of functional molecules in a freshwater fern, Salvinia cucullata Roxb. South Afr J Bot. 2022;151:275\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sajib.2022.02.030.","journal-title":"South Afr J Bot"},{"key":"5003_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sapiun Z, Pangalo P, Imran AK, Wicita PS, Daud RPA. Determination of total flavonoid levels of ethanol extract Sesewanua leaf (Clerodendrum Fragrans Wild) with maceration method using UV-vis spectrofotometry. Pharmacognosy J. 2020;12(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5530\/pj.2020.12.56.","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2020.12.56"},{"issue":"11","key":"5003_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.07.036","volume":"26","author":"T Sch\u00f6n","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6n T, Werngren J, Machado D, Borroni E, Wijkander M, Lina G, Mouton J, Matuschek E, Kahlmeter G, Giske C. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates\u2013the EUCAST broth microdilution reference method for MIC determination. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(11):1488\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.07.036.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"5003_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shikov AN, Mikhailovskaya IY, Narkevich IA, Flisyuk EV, Pozharitskaya ON. (2022). Methods of extraction of medicinal plants. In Evidence-Based Validation of Herbal Medicine (pp. 771\u2013796). Elsevier. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-323-85542-6.00029-9","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-323-85542-6.00029-9"},{"issue":"6","key":"5003_CR32","first-page":"694","volume":"6","author":"C Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh C, Chauhan N, Rani A, Kishore K, Singh K, Singh R. Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological studies of pteridophytes (Ferns) from mussoorie region, Dehradun district, Uttarakhand. Int J Bot Stud. 2021;6(6):694\u2013702.","journal-title":"Int J Bot Stud"},{"key":"5003_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singha S, Nath R, Das S, Kityania S, Talukdar AD, Nath D. Phytochemicals and their bioactivity from plants of Dryopteridaceae family. Bioactive compounds in bryophytes and pteridophytes. Springer; 2023. pp. 443\u201360.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-23243-5_23"},{"key":"5003_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sivaraman A, Shivananthini B, Paulraj K. (2022). Phytochemistry of Indian Pteridophytes. Ferns: Biotechnology, Propagation, Medicinal Uses and Environmental Regulation, 433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-16-6170-9_19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-6170-9_19"},{"key":"5003_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sureshkumar J, Ayyanar M. (2022). Phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Nephrolepis auriculata (L.) Trimen: An unexplored ethnomedicinal fern. In Ferns: Biotechnology, Propagation, Medicinal Uses and Environmental Regulation (pp. 571\u2013584). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-16-6170-9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-6170-9"},{"issue":"8","key":"5003_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.06.006","volume":"27","author":"P Takuli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Takuli P, Khulbe K, Kumar P, Parki A, Syed A, Elgorban AM. Phytochemical profiling, antioxidant and antibacterial efficacy of a native Himalayan fern: Woodwardia unigemmata (Makino) Nakai. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2020;27(8):1961\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.06.006.","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"5003_CR37","first-page":"214","volume":"Issue","author":"T Thomas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thomas T. Preliminary antibacterial evaluation of fronds of Pteris quadriaurita retz. Towards bacteria involved in dermatological diseases. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2011;Issue:214\u20136.","journal-title":"J Appl Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5003_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18028","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45030-5","volume":"13","author":"M Tourabi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tourabi M, Metouekel A, Ghouizi AE, Jeddi M, Nouioura G, Laaroussi H, Hosen ME, Benbrahim KF, Bourhia M, Salamatullah AM. Efficacy of various extracting solvents on phytochemical composition, and biological properties of Mentha longifolia L. leaf extracts. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):18028.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5003_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5937\/leksir1737015Z","volume":"37","author":"S \u017divkovi\u0107","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u017divkovi\u0107 S, Skori\u0107 M, \u0160iler B, Dmitrovi\u0107 S, Filipovi\u0107 B, Nikoli\u0107 T, Mi\u0161i\u0107 D. Phytochemical characterization and antioxidant potential of Rustyback fern (Asplenium ceterach L). Lekovite Sirovine. 2017;37:15\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5937\/leksir1737015Z.","journal-title":"Lekovite Sirovine"}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-025-05003-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12906-025-05003-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-025-05003-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T06:20:31Z","timestamp":1757226031000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12906-025-05003-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-025-05003-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-7671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-7671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research study was approved by the National Forestry Authority (NFA) under reference number 403 and the Mbarara University Research Ethics Committee (MUST-REC) under reference number MUST-2024-1326.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics, approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"262"}}