{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T02:35:15Z","timestamp":1790649315631,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752883200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003718","name":"Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K16122 and KSN2122211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K16122 and KSN2122211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003718","name":"Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K16122 and KSN2122211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K16122 and KSN2122211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Med Ther"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the transitional stage between normal aging and early dementia. Although acupuncture is a promising non-pharmacological treatment, higher-quality evidence is needed to confirm its effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A randomized, patient- and assessor-blinded, sham-controlled, pilot clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of acupuncture for treating MCI. In total, 30 participants were randomized into acupuncture and sham acupuncture groups. The participants underwent 24 treatment sessions over 12 weeks. The primary outcome was a change in the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-cog) score over 12 weeks, whereas the secondary outcomes included the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery (SNSB-II) score. Adverse events and the success of blinding were also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Of the 30 participants, 28 completed the study. Participants in the acupuncture and sham acupuncture groups exhibited a decrease in ADAS-cog scores from 10.27\u2009\u00b1\u20094.03 and 11.47\u2009\u00b1\u20093.85 at baseline to 5.78\u2009\u00b1\u20093.04 and 6.27\u2009\u00b1\u20092.83 at week 12, respectively. Both groups exhibited clinically meaningful improvements, with no significant difference between groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.6590). The SNSB-II memory domain exhibited a moderate effect size favoring acupuncture (Cohen\u2019s d\u2009=\u20090.57, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.1317). No intervention-related adverse events were reported, and participant blinding was adequate throughout the trial.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The 12-week acupuncture treatment is feasible for patients with MCI and may improve memory. Although the primary outcomes did not reach statistical significance, the secondary outcomes suggested potential benefits. Larger confirmatory trials are warranted to investigate the effectiveness of acupuncture in patients with MCI.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Clinical Research Information Service (cris.nih.go.kr) KCT0001938 (Registered on June 3, 2016).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-025-05023-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T10:15:30Z","timestamp":1752920130000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Acupuncture for patients with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized, patient\u2013assessor-blinded, sham-controlled pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5257-2340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujin","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8356-8392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pyung-Wha","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7245-4990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In-Chul","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3600-0806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ae-Ran","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1513-5701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyo-Ju","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7349-4596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ojin","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5730-6869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Hwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1435-5649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joo-Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"5023_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x","volume":"256","author":"RC Petersen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Intern Med. 2004;256(3):183\u201394.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"S1","key":"5023_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610297004717","volume":"9","author":"RC Petersen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Kokmen E, Tangelos EG. Aging, memory, and mild cognitive impairment. Int Psychogeriatr. 1997;9(S1):65\u20139.","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"5023_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.12.1985","volume":"58","author":"RC Petersen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Petersen RC, Doody R, Kurz A, Mohs RC, Morris JC, Rabins PV, et al. Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2001;58(12):1985\u201392.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"9518","key":"5023_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68542-5","volume":"367","author":"S Gauthier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gauthier S, Reisberg B, Zaudig M, Petersen RC, Ritchie K, Broich K, et al. Mild cognitive impairment. Lancet. 2006;367(9518):1262\u201370.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"5023_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2014.04.001","volume":"30","author":"J Hugo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hugo J, Ganguli M. Dementia and cognitive impairment: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Geriatr Med. 2014;30(3):421\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"key":"5023_CR6","unstructured":"Xue H, Li Y, Xu Z. A systematic review and evaluation of Non-Pharmacological interventions for elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. Altern Ther Health Med. 2023;29(7)."},{"key":"5023_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yin Z, Zhou J, Xia M, Chen Z, Li Y, Zhang X et al. Acupuncture on mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review of neuroimaging studies. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Jul 27];15. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1007436","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1007436"},{"key":"5023_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He W, Li M, Han X, Zhang W. Acupuncture for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: An Overview of Systematic Reviews. Front Aging Neurosci [Internet]. 2021 May 14 [cited 2021 Jun 2];13. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8160113\/","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.647629"},{"key":"5023_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin Z, Li Y, Jiang C, Xia M, Chen Z, Zhang X et al. Acupuncture for mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Front Neurol. 2023;13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1091125"},{"key":"5023_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380221","DOI":"10.3389\/frdem.2024.1380221","volume":"3","author":"R Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo R, Shen X, Ealing J, Zhou J, Lu J, Ning Y. Efficacy and safety of acupuncture for cognitive impairment in alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Dement. 2024;3:1380221.","journal-title":"Front Dement"},{"key":"5023_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma S, Huang H, Zhong Z, Zheng H, Li M, Yao L et al. Effect of acupuncture on brain regions modulation of mild cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.914049"},{"issue":"2","key":"5023_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16922","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016922","volume":"25","author":"X Lu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lu X, Hongcai S, Jiaying W, Jing H, Jun X. Assessing the quality of reports about randomized controlled trials of acupuncture treatment on mild cognitive impairment. PLoS ONE. 2011;25(2):e16922.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"5023_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.02.005","volume":"63","author":"KF Schulz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(8):834\u201340.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5023_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000261","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000261","volume":"7","author":"H MacPherson","year":"2010","unstructured":"MacPherson H, Altman DG, Hammerschlag R, Youping L, Taixiang W, White A, et al. Revised standards for reporting interventions in clinical trials of acupuncture (STRICTA): extending the CONSORT statement. PLoS Med. 2010;7(6):e1000261.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5023_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imr.2023.100955","volume":"12","author":"YS Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee YS, Kim SY, Lee H, Chae Y, Lee MS. ACURATE: A guide for reporting Sham controls in trials using acupuncture. Integr Med Res. 2023;12(2):100955.","journal-title":"Integr Med Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"5023_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.3.303","volume":"56","author":"RC Petersen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol. 1999;56(3):303\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5023_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000118082","volume":"145","author":"L Berg","year":"1984","unstructured":"Berg L. Clinical dementia rating. Br J Psychiatry. 1984;145(3):339\u2013339.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"5023_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.9.1136","volume":"139","author":"B Reisberg","year":"1982","unstructured":"Reisberg B, Ferris SH, De Leon MJ, Crook T. The global deterioration scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 1982;139(9):1136\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"5023_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02339212","volume":"14","author":"L Pantoni","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pantoni L, Inzitari D. Hachinski\u2019s ischemic score and the diagnosis of vascular dementia: A review. Ital J Neuro Sci. 1993;14(7):539\u201346.","journal-title":"Ital J Neuro Sci"},{"issue":"22","key":"5023_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e933","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000933","volume":"94","author":"J Zhou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhou J, Peng W, Xu M, Li W, Liu Z. The effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for patients with alzheimer disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine. 2015;94(22):e933.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"5023_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia B, Liu Z, Min B, Wang Z, Zhou A, Li Y et al. The effects of acupuncture at real or sham acupoints on the intrinsic brain activity in mild cognitive impairment patients. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015;2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/529675"},{"key":"5023_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leung AWN, Lam LCW, Kwan AKL, Tsang CLL, Zhang HW, Guo YQ et al. Electroacupuncture for older adults with mild cognitive impairment: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials [Internet]. 2015 May 27 [cited 2019 Sep 18];16. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4451728\/","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-015-0740-z"},{"key":"5023_CR23","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific. WHO standard acupuncture point locations in the Western Pacific region [Internet]. WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific. 2008. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/353407"},{"issue":"4","key":"5023_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1136\/aim.20.4.168","volume":"20","author":"J Park","year":"2002","unstructured":"Park J, White A, Stevinson C, Ernst E, James M. Validating a new Non-Penetrating Sham acupuncture device: two randomised controlled trials. Acupunct Med. 2002;20(4):168\u201374.","journal-title":"Acupunct Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5023_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/0964528419889636","volume":"38","author":"T Ots","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ots T, Kandirian A, Szilagyi I, DiGiacomo SM, Sandner-Kiesling A. The selection of dermatomes for Sham (placebo) acupuncture points is relevant for the outcome of acupuncture studies: a systematic review of Sham (placebo)-controlled randomized acupuncture trials. Acupunct Med. 2020;38(4):211\u201326.","journal-title":"Acupunct Med"},{"key":"5023_CR26","unstructured":"Youn J, Lee D, Kim K, Lee J, Jhoo J, Lee K et al. Development of the Korean version of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-K). International journal of geriatric psychiatry [Internet]. 2002 Sep [cited 2020 Aug 18]; Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/12221651\/"},{"key":"5023_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohs R, Knopman D, Petersen R, Ferris S, Ernesto C, Grundman M et al. Development of cognitive instruments for use in clinical trials of antidementia drugs: additions to the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Assessment Scale that broaden its scope. The Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Cooperative Study. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders. 1997.","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-199700112-00003"},{"issue":"2","key":"5023_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988708316855","volume":"21","author":"JY Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee JY, Lee DW, Cho SJ, Na DL, Jeon HJ, Kim SK, et al. Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment in elderly outpatient clinic: validation of the Korean version of the Montreal cognitive assessment. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2008;21(2):104\u201310.","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5023_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12779\/dnd.2023.22.1.1","volume":"22","author":"HJ Ryu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ryu HJ, Yang DW. The Seoul neuropsychological screening battery (SNSB) for comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Dement Neurocognitive Disorders. 2023;22(1):1\u201315.","journal-title":"Dement Neurocognitive Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"5023_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","volume":"53","author":"ZS Nasreddine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, B\u00e9dirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, et al. The Montreal cognitive assessment, moca: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"5023_CR31","unstructured":"Meyers J, Meyers KR. Rey complex figure test and recognition trial. Psychological Assessment Resources, Incorporated; 1995."},{"issue":"4SPart1","key":"5023_CR32","first-page":"S33","volume":"6","author":"YM Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee YM, Kim SH, Cho DH. IC-P-077: Seoul verbal learning test is a helpful early neuropsychological marker of an alzheimer\u2019s disease patient with normal MMSE score. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. 2010;6(4SPart1):S33\u201333.","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement"},{"issue":"4","key":"5023_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.185","volume":"4","author":"SA Julious","year":"2005","unstructured":"Julious SA. Sample size of 12 per group rule of thumb for a pilot study. Pharm Stat. 2005;4(4):287\u201391.","journal-title":"Pharm Stat"},{"issue":"2","key":"5023_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2003.10.016","volume":"25","author":"H Bang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bang H, Ni L, Davis CE. Assessment of blinding in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 2004;25(2):143\u201356.","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"issue":"4","key":"5023_CR35","first-page":"199","volume":"88","author":"C Vincent","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vincent C, Lewith G. Placebo controls for acupuncture studies. J R Soc Med. 1995;88(4):199\u2013202.","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"5023_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences [Internet]. Routledge; 2013 [cited 2024 Jun 5]. Available from: https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/mono\/10.4324\/9780203771587\/statistical-power-analysis-behavioral-sciences-jacob-cohen","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"issue":"1","key":"5023_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2022.102","volume":"10","author":"CJ Lansdall","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lansdall CJ, McDougall F, Butler LM, Delmar P, Pross N, Qin S, et al. Establishing clinically meaningful change on outcome assessments frequently used in trials of mild cognitive impairment due to alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2023;10(1):9\u201318.","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"39","key":"5023_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22365","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022365","volume":"99","author":"W Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li W, Wang Q, Du S, Pu Y, Xu G. Acupuncture for mild cognitive impairment in elderly people: systematic review and meta-analyses. Medicine. 2020;99(39):e22365.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"5023_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.05.423","volume":"7","author":"H Chertkow","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chertkow H, Nasreddine Z, Johns E, Phillips N, McHenry C. P1-143: the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA): validation of alternate forms and new recommendations for education corrections. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. 2011;7:S157\u2013157.","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement"},{"issue":"1","key":"5023_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-2064-x","volume":"17","author":"Y Jia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jia Y, Zhang X, Yu J, Han J, Yu T, Shi J, et al. Acupuncture for patients with mild to moderate alzheimer\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):556.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5023_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-019-2065-8","volume":"39","author":"Q Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang Q, Luo D, Chen L, Liang F, xia, Chen R. Effectiveness of acupuncture for alzheimer\u2019s disease: an updated systematic review and Meta-analysis. CURR MED SCI. 2019;39(3):500\u201311.","journal-title":"CURR MED SCI"},{"key":"5023_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan J, Miao J, fei, Ge S qi, Chai T qu, Tang C, zhi, Lu L. ming. Acupuncture for cognitive impairment in vascular dementia, Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2020;35:101085.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2020.101085"},{"issue":"4","key":"5023_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.13045\/jar.2020.00255","volume":"37","author":"JH Shin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shin JH, Shin HJ, Kim EB, An YY, Yook TH, Choi YM, et al. The effectiveness of acupuncture treatment for patients with alzheimer\u2019s disease: A Meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Acupunct Res. 2020;37(4):209\u201323.","journal-title":"J Acupunct Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"5023_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10120984","volume":"10","author":"JH Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim JH, Han JY, Park GC, Lee JS. Cognitive improvement effects of electroacupuncture combined with Computer-Based cognitive rehabilitation in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial. Brain Sci. 2020;10(12):984.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"5023_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11060756","volume":"11","author":"Y Choi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi Y, Jung IC, Kim AR, Park HJ, Kwon O, Lee JH, et al. Feasibility and effect of electroacupuncture on cognitive function domains in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A pilot exploratory randomized controlled trial. Brain Sci. 2021;11(6):756.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"18","key":"5023_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003907","volume":"88","author":"RC Petersen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Petersen RC, Thomas RG, Aisen PS, Mohs RC, Carrillo MC, Albert MS, et al. Randomized controlled trials in mild cognitive impairment: sources of variability. Neurology. 2017;88(18):1751\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"5023_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.1.59","volume":"61","author":"M Grundman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Grundman M, Petersen RC, Ferris SH, Thomas RG, Aisen PS, Bennett DA, et al. Mild cognitive impairment can be distinguished from alzheimer disease and normal aging for clinical trials. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(1):59\u201366.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5023_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.02.005","volume":"13","author":"K Rockwood","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rockwood K, Howlett SE, Hoffman D, Schindler R, Mitnitski A. Clinical meaningfulness of alzheimer\u2019s disease assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale change in relation to goal attainment in patients on cholinesterase inhibitors. Alzheimers Dement. 2017;13(10):1098\u2013106.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"5","key":"5023_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.01.003","volume":"30","author":"Y Feng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Feng Y, Bai L, Ren Y, Chen S, Wang H, Zhang W, et al. FMRI connectivity analysis of acupuncture effects on the whole brain network in mild cognitive impairment patients. Magn Reson Imaging. 2012;30(5):672\u201382.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"8","key":"5023_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42730","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042730","volume":"20","author":"Z Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang Z, Nie B, Li D, Zhao Z, Han Y, Song H, et al. Effect of acupuncture in mild cognitive impairment and alzheimer disease: A functional MRI study. PLoS ONE. 2012;20(8):e42730.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"5023_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-023-00707-x","volume":"18","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Chen L, Guo Y, Li D, Zhang J, Liu L, et al. The neuroprotective and neural circuit mechanisms of acupoint stimulation for cognitive impairment. Chin Med. 2023;18(1):8.","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"5023_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834112","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.834112","volume":"16","author":"TH Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim TH, Lee MS, Birch S, Alraek T. Plausible mechanism of Sham acupuncture based on biomarkers: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Front Neurosci. 2022;16:834112.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"7538","key":"5023_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38726.603310.55","volume":"332","author":"TJ Kaptchuk","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kaptchuk TJ, Stason WB, Davis RB, Legedza AR, Schnyer RN, Kerr CE, et al. Sham device v inert pill: randomised controlled trial of two placebo treatments. BMJ. 2006;332(7538):391\u20137.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"5023_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fei YT, Cao HJ, Xia RY, Chai QY, Liang CH, Feng YT et al. Methodological challenges in design and conduct of randomised controlled trials in acupuncture. Bmj [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Jun 18];376. Available from: https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/376\/bmj-2021-064345.abstract","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-064345"},{"issue":"4","key":"5023_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2008.01326.x","volume":"119","author":"AJ Mitchell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mitchell AJ, Shiri-Feshki M. Rate of progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia\u2013 meta-analysis of 41 robust inception cohort studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2009;119(4):252\u201365.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"5023_CR56","unstructured":"Mn NR et al. S, M F, E Y, G N, M G,. The ADAS-Cog revisited: novel composite scales based on ADAS-Cog to improve efficiency in MCI and early AD trials. Alzheimer\u2019s & dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer\u2019s Association [Internet]. 2013 Feb [cited 2020 Nov 3]; Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23127469\/"},{"key":"5023_CR57","unstructured":"Champely S, Ekstrom C, Dalgaard P, Gill J, Weibelzahl S, Anandkumar A et al. pwr: Basic functions for power analysis. 2017 [cited 2024 Jun 6]; Available from: https:\/\/nyuscholars.nyu.edu\/en\/publications\/pwr-basic-functions-for-power-analysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5023_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-023-01352-0","volume":"15","author":"M Ritchie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ritchie M, Gillen DL, Grill JD. Estimating attrition in mild-to-moderate alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment clinical trials. Alz Res Therapy. 2023;15(1):203.","journal-title":"Alz Res Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"5023_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e035980","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-035980","volume":"10","author":"E Couch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Couch E, Lawrence V, Prina M. Outcomes tested in non-pharmacological interventions in mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia: A scoping review. BMJ Open. 2020;10(4):e035980.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"5023_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2014.11.002","volume":"60","author":"P Lewczuk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lewczuk P, Mroczko B, Fagan A, Kornhuber J. Biomarkers of alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment: A current perspective. Adv Med Sci. 2015;60(1):76\u201382.","journal-title":"Adv Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"5023_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.11.009","volume":"31","author":"J Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim J, Lee JH. Integration of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging improves mild cognitive impairment detection. Magn Reson Imaging. 2013;31(5):718\u201332.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"5023_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imr.2020.01.003","volume":"9","author":"M Bauer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bauer M, McDonald JL, Saunders N. Is acupuncture dose dependent? Ramifications of acupuncture treatment dose within clinical practice and trials. Integr Med Res. 2020;9(1):21\u20137.","journal-title":"Integr Med Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"5023_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X22500264","volume":"50","author":"DE Yoon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoon DE, Lee IS, Chae Y. Identifying dose components of manual acupuncture to determine the dose\u2013Response relationship of acupuncture treatment: A systematic review. Am J Chin Med. 2022;50(03):653\u201371.","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5023_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41584","volume":"73","author":"JF Tu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tu JF, Yang JW, Shi GX, Yu ZS, Li JL, Lin LL, et al. Efficacy of intensive acupuncture versus Sham acupuncture in knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73(3):448\u201358.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-025-05023-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12906-025-05023-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-025-05023-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T15:40:45Z","timestamp":1757259645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12906-025-05023-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-025-05023-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-7671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-7671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University (registration number: djomc-131-1). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"277"}}