{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T16:53:53Z","timestamp":1776358433661,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":131,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Medical Science and Technology Research Foundation","award":["B2021437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2021437"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Med Ther"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-025-05205-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T06:06:07Z","timestamp":1765001167000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chinese medicine (Tiao-Chang Ke-Min granules) placebo and nocebo effects for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial based on a balanced experimental design"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Genghang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"5205_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm16214","volume":"23","author":"MJ Schmulson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schmulson MJ, Drossman DA. What is new in Rome IV. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017;23(2):151\u201363.","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"6","key":"5205_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-311240","volume":"66","author":"AD Sperber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sperber AD, Dumitrascu D, Fukudo S, Gerson C, Ghoshal UC, Gwee KA, et al. The global prevalence of IBS in adults remains elusive due to the heterogeneity of studies: a Rome foundation working team literature review. Gut. 2017;66(6):1075\u201382.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"4","key":"5205_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04376.x","volume":"32","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Zou D, Wang R, Ma X, Yan X, Man X, et al. Dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome in China: a population\u2010based endoscopy study of prevalence and impact. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32(4):562\u201372.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"5205_CR4","first-page":"969","volume":"53","author":"L Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang L, Duan L, Liu Y, Leng Y, Zhang H, Liu Z, et al. A meta-analysis of the prevalence and risk factors of irritable bowel syndrome in Chinese community. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2014;53(12):969\u201375.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi"},{"issue":"7","key":"5205_CR5","first-page":"2986","volume":"23","author":"ME Flacco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Flacco ME, Manzoli L, De Giorgio R, Gasbarrini A, Cicchetti A, Bravi F, et al. Costs of irritable bowel syndrome in European countries with universal healthcare coverage: a meta-analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019;23(7):2986\u20133000.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"47","key":"5205_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10450","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i47.10450","volume":"22","author":"F Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang F, Xiang W, Li CY, Li SC. Economic burden of irritable bowel syndrome in China. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(47):10450\u201360.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5205_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.10.017","volume":"162","author":"AF Peery","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peery AF, Crockett SD, Murphy CC, Jensen ET, Kim HP, Egberg MD, et al. Burden and cost of gastrointestinal, liver, and pancreatic diseases in the United States: update 2021. Gastroenterology. 2022;162(2):621\u201344.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"5205_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.23736\/S1121-421X.19.02640-0","volume":"66","author":"I Masuy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Masuy I, Pannemans J, Tack J. Irritable bowel syndrome: diagnosis and management. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2020;66(2):136\u201350.","journal-title":"Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5205_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.03.009","volume":"50","author":"JM Shapiro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shapiro JM, Deutsch JK. Complementary and alternative medicine therapies for irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2021;50(3):671\u201388.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"5205_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.031","volume":"150","author":"F Mearin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mearin F, Lacy BE, Chang L, Chey WD, Lembo AJ, Simren M, et al. Bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:1393\u2013407.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"5205_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X15500019","volume":"43","author":"HT Xiao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xiao HT, Zhong L, Tsang SW, Lin ZS, Bian ZX. Traditional Chinese medicine formulas for irritable bowel syndrome: from ancient wisdoms to scientific understandings. Am J Chin Med. 2015;43(1):1\u201323.","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"5205_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.06.022","volume":"13","author":"A Bensoussan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bensoussan A, Kellow JE, Bourchier SJ, Fahey P, Shim L, Malcolm A, et al. Efficacy of a Chinese herbal medicine in providing adequate relief of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(11):1946\u201354.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5205_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00576.x","volume":"101","author":"WK Leung","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leung WK, Wu JC, Liang SM, Chan LS, Chan FK, Xie H, et al. Treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome with traditional Chinese herbal medicine: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(7):1574\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"18","key":"5205_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.18.1585","volume":"280","author":"A Bensoussan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bensoussan A, Talley NJ, Hing M, Menzies R, Guo A, Ngu M. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with Chinese herbal medicine: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998;280(18):1585\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"5205_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324598","volume":"70","author":"DH Vasant","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vasant DH, Paine PA, Black CJ, Houghton LA, Everitt HA, Corsetti M, et al. British society of gastroenterology guidelines on the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2021;70(7):1214\u201340.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"5205_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001036","volume":"116","author":"BE Lacy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lacy BE, Pimentel M, Brenner DM, Chey WD, Keefer LA, Long MD, et al. ACG clinical guideline: management of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021;116(1):17\u201344.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"21","key":"5205_CR17","first-page":"4041","volume":"41","author":"J Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao J, Liao X, Zhao H, Li ZG, Wang NY, Wang LM. Methodological quality evaluation of randomized controlled trials for traditional Chinese medicines for treatment of sub-health. China J Chin Mater Med. 2016;41(21):4041\u201350.","journal-title":"China J Chin Mater Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"5205_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym119","volume":"36","author":"A Shang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shang A, Huwiler K, Nartey L, J\u00fcni P, Egger M. Placebo-controlled trials of Chinese herbal medicine and conventional medicine comparative study. Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36(5):1086\u201392.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"5205_CR19","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for industry: botanical drug products. June 2004 http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/cder\/guidance\/index.htm."},{"issue":"6","key":"5205_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00023-6","volume":"6","author":"M Bosman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bosman M, Elsenbruch S, Corsetti M, Tack J, Simr\u00e9n M, Winkens B, et al. The placebo response rate in pharmacological trials in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2021;6(6):459\u201373.","journal-title":"The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology"},{"issue":"12","key":"5205_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i12.2223","volume":"23","author":"CE Flik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Flik CE, Bakker L, Laan W, van Rood YR, Smout AJ, de Wit NJ. Systematic review: the placebo effect of psychological interventions in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(12):2223\u201333.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7611","key":"5205_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1038\/535S14a","volume":"535","author":"J Marchant","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marchant J. Placebos: honest fakery. Nature. 2016;535(7611):S14\u20135.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"21","key":"5205_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.10391","volume":"173","author":"K Meissner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meissner K, F\u00e4ssler M, R\u00fccker G, Kleijnen J, Hr\u00f3bjartsson A, Schneider A, et al. Differential effectiveness of placebo treatments: a systematic review of migraine prophylaxis. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(21):1941\u201351.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"7538","key":"5205_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38726.603310.55","volume":"332","author":"TJ Kaptchuk","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kaptchuk TJ, Stason WB, Davis RB, Legedza AR, Schnyer RN, Kerr CE, et al. Sham device v inert pill: randomised controlled trial of two placebo treatments. BMJ. 2006;332(7538):391\u20137.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"5205_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0122397","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122397","volume":"10","author":"Y Xiao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xiao Y, Liu Y, Huang S, Sun X, Tang Y, Cheng J, et al. The efficacy of Shugan Jianpi Zhixie therapy for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0122397.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"5205_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2007.00937.x","volume":"19","author":"SD Dorn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dorn SD, Kaptchuk TJ, Park JB, Nguyen LT, Canenguez K, Nam BH, et al. A meta-analysis of the placebo response in complementary and alternative medicine trials of irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007;19(8):630\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"1","key":"5205_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2010.11.009","volume":"37","author":"R Staud","year":"2011","unstructured":"Staud R. Effectiveness of CAM therapy: understanding the evidence. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2011;37(1):9\u201317.","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"5205_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1907805","volume":"382","author":"L Colloca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colloca L, Barsky AJ. Placebo and nocebo effects. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(6):554\u201361.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5205_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s11013-009-9141-7","volume":"33","author":"TJ Kaptchuk","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kaptchuk TJ, Shaw J, Kerr CE, Conboy LA, Kelley JM, Csordas TJ, et al. \"Maybe I made up the whole thing\": placebos and patients\u2019 experiences in a randomized controlled trial. Cult Med Psychiatry. 2009;33(3):382\u2013411.","journal-title":"Cult Med Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"5205_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/15265160903234144","volume":"9","author":"Y Schenker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schenker Y, Fernandez A, Lo B. Placebo prescriptions are missed opportunities for doctor-patient communication. Am J Bioeth. 2009;9(12):48\u201350.","journal-title":"Am J Bioeth"},{"issue":"7","key":"5205_CR31","first-page":"374","volume":"16","author":"AJ Lembo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lembo AJ. Understanding the placebo and nocebo effects in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2020;16(7):374\u20136.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)"},{"issue":"18","key":"5205_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.18.2122","volume":"159","author":"JE Dalen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dalen JE. Is integrative medicine the medicine of the future? A debate between Arnold S. Relman, MD, and Andrew Weil, MD. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(18):2122\u201326.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5205_CR33","first-page":"516","volume":"30","author":"Q Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li Q, Zhao XY, Jiang HY, Wu YL, Yang XB. Effectiveness and indication optimization of Tiao-chang Ke-min formula for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome based on the methods of factors survey combined with the experiment research and bi-directional analyses. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res. 2019;30(3):516\u20139.","journal-title":"Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res"},{"key":"5205_CR34","unstructured":"Li Q. Development of evidence-based paradigm of Chinese medicine individualized diagnosis and treatment based on a third-party replication study and performance goal method: A case study of IBS. Doctor, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China, 31\/12\/2020."},{"issue":"16","key":"5205_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4437","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4463-05.2006","volume":"26","author":"JR Keltner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Keltner JR, Furst A, Fan C, Redfern R, Inglis B, Fields HL. Isolating the modulatory effect of expectation on pain transmission: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci. 2006;26(16):4437\u201343.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"5205_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2020.03.030","volume":"153","author":"AJ Stoessl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stoessl AJ. Deception and the ethics of placebo. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2020;153:147\u201363.","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"5205_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16131975","volume":"16","author":"B Chhabra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chhabra B, Szabo A. Placebo and nocebo effects on sports and exercise performance: a systematic literature review update. Nutrients. 2024;16(13):1975.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"5205_CR38","unstructured":"International Ethical Guidelines for Health-related Research Involving Humans, Fourth Edition. Geneva. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). 2016;37\u201338."},{"key":"5205_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.032","volume":"150","author":"DA Drossman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Drossman DA. Functional gastrointestinal disorders: history, pathophysiology, clinical features and Rome IV. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:1262\u201379.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"5205_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002234","volume":"162","author":"A Lembo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lembo A, Kelley JM, Nee J, Ballou S, Iturrino J, Cheng V, et al. Open-label placebo vs double-blind placebo for irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Pain. 2021;162(9):2428\u201335.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"5205_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.142318000.x","volume":"11","author":"CY Francis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Francis CY, Morris J, Whorwell PJ. The irritable bowel severity scoring system: a simple method of monitoring irritable bowel syndrome and its progress. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1997;11(2):395\u2013402.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"5205_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15410","volume":"36","author":"O Goyal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goyal O, Batta S, Nohria S, Kishore H, Goyal P, Sehgal R, et al. Low fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyol diet in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective, randomized trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;36(8):2107\u201315.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5205_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319630","volume":"69","author":"M El-Salhy","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-Salhy M, Hatlebakk JG, Gilja OH, Br\u00e5then Kristoffersen A, Hausken T. Efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation for patients with irritable bowel syndrome in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gut. 2020;69(5):859\u201367.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"5","key":"5205_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.061","volume":"130","author":"GF Longstreth","year":"2006","unstructured":"Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, Spiller RC. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(5):1480\u201391.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"5205_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/030006059802600203","volume":"26","author":"AW Mangel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mangel AW, Hahn BA, Heath AT, Northcutt AR, Kong S, Dukes GE, et al. Adequate relief as an endpoint in clinical trials in irritable bowel syndrome. J Int Med Res. 1998;26(2):76\u201381.","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"5205_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04183.x","volume":"31","author":"M Simr\u00e9n","year":"2010","unstructured":"Simr\u00e9n M, Ohman L, Olsson J, Svensson U, Ohlson K, Posserud I, et al. Clinical trial: the effects of a fermented milk containing three probiotic bacteria in patients with irritable bowel syndrome - a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;31(2):218\u201327.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"5205_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-2754-9","volume":"19","author":"Q Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li Q, Zhang BP, Huang SG, Ouyang WW, Xie JH, Wen ZH, et al. Efficacy and indication optimization of Chinese medicine (Tiao-chang Ke-min granules) for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2018;19(1):367.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"2","key":"5205_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018831127942","volume":"43","author":"DL Patrick","year":"1998","unstructured":"Patrick DL, Drossman DA, Frederick IO, DiCesare J, Puder KL. Quality of life in persons with irritable bowel syndrome: development and validation of a new measure. Dig Dis Sci. 1998;43(2):400\u201311.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"5205_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","volume":"67","author":"AS Zigmond","year":"1983","unstructured":"Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67(6):361\u201370.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"5205_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199903000-00018","volume":"61","author":"MA Flaten","year":"1999","unstructured":"Flaten MA, Simonsen T, Olsen H. Drug-related information generates placebo and nocebo responses that modify the drug response. Psychosom Med. 1999;61(2):250\u20135.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5205_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.12","volume":"105","author":"AM Trentacosti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Trentacosti AM, He R, Burke LB, Griebel D, Kennedy DL. Evolution of clinical trials for irritable bowel syndrome: issues in end points and study design. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(4):731\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5205_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00056-X","volume":"6","author":"ED Shah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shah ED. Optimising clinical trial design to manage placebo response in randomised controlled trials of irritable bowel syndrome. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2021;6(6):416\u20137.","journal-title":"The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"5205_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.10.041","volume":"20","author":"JR Glissen Brown","year":"2022","unstructured":"Glissen Brown JR, Lembo AJ. Therapeutics, placebo, and the importance of hard outcomes in irritable bowel syndrome research. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(5):e921\u20132.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5205_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315136","volume":"68","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou Q, Verne ML, Fields JZ, Lefante JJ, Basra S, Salameh H, et al. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of dietary glutamine supplements for postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2019;68(6):996\u20131002.","journal-title":"Gut"}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-025-05205-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12906-025-05205-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12906-025-05205-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T16:02:28Z","timestamp":1776355348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12906-025-05205-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-025-05205-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-7671"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-7671","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine (approval number: BF2021-082-01), and will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent will be obtained from all subjects involved in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"145"}}