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All procedures involving the collection, transport, handling, and usage of biological materials complied with these provisions. Within this study, saliva samples were solely utilized to establish a surface coating for facilitating bacterial adhesion. From collection through use, these specimens posed no threat to human health, contained no personally identifiable information, and were entirely unrelated to any commercial interests. The research protocol was reviewed by the Ethics Committee of the Sixth Medical Center of the People\u2019s Liberation Army General Hospital, which granted a waiver for formal ethical review. Each participant provided voluntary informed consent, in accordance with the\n                      Regulations on the Administration of Human Genetic Resources\n                      and the\n                      Ethical Review Measures of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Human Participants\n                      . All methodologies adhered to the principles outlined in the\n                      Declaration of Helsinki\n                      .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"449"}}