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In contrast, the hexane extract demonstrated stronger cytotoxicity across cancer cell lines (IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      : 3.10\u20134.12\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL), along with significant induction of apoptosis and G0\/G1 cell cycle arrest, despite lower antioxidant capacity. In addition, both extracts increased the protein levels of p21 and cleaved caspase-3, suggesting involvement of cell cycle inhibition and activation of intrinsic apoptotic signalling pathways. Moderate antimicrobial activity was also observed, with inhibition zones ranging from 7 to 10\u00a0mm across bacterial and fungal strains.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings highlight the bioactive potential of\n                      <jats:italic>U. dioica<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the critical role of extraction solvent in modulating its total phenolic and flavonoid contents and biological effects. The observed upregulation of p21 and cleaved caspase-3 further supports the notion that\n                      <jats:italic>U. dioica<\/jats:italic>\n                      extracts may exert antiproliferative activity through p21-mediated cell cycle control and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Further in vivo studies and mechanistic investigations are needed to confirm these observations and clarify their potential therapeutic relevance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-025-05211-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T02:35:45Z","timestamp":1765074945000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparative chemical and biological evaluation of Urtica dioica extracts obtained by methanol and hexane: antioxidant, cytotoxic, apoptotic, and antimicrobial potentials"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Y\u0131lmaz","family":"U\u011fur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130rem Nur","family":"Menev\u015fe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammed","family":"D\u00fcndar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00fcseyin","family":"Karci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rukiye","family":"Zengin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdussamat","family":"G\u00fczel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"5211_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2025.02.017","volume":"179","author":"A G\u00fczel","year":"2025","unstructured":"G\u00fczel A, U\u011fur Y, \u00d6ner E, Kola\u00e7 T. 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