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Ethics approval was not strictly applicable to the primary research activities, as the study focused solely on the collection and subsequent in vitro analysis of plant materials (\n                      Dorstenia barnimiana\n                      leaves) and involved no human participants, human data, human tissue, or live animals. Nevertheless, all fieldwork protocols were managed under strict ethical governance: the study was formally approved by the Injibara University Institutional Review Board (IRB), adhering to the university\u2019s declaration and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Prior to commencing the reconnaissance survey, explicit written informed consent was obtained from all human informants after they were fully informed about the study\u2019s objectives, potential benefits, and risks, with a separate consent secured for the publication of any personal data. Furthermore, we secured all necessary official permissions for the plant collection from the Finote-Selam administration offices and the respective landowners, ensuring compliance with local regulations for the acquisition of the biological materials.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"31"}}